Forming ratio

Ratio of the volume of loose molding compound to the volume of the same amount in molded solid form ratio of density of solid plastic component to apparent density of loose molding compound. 

Three of four possible stereoisomers are formed. Ratio of R-cis-.S-ds R-trans is given. Bis-sulfoxide is the (desired) major product. 

The yields of amines formed ratio-3, HLSV-1 in the reactions of corresponding nitroarenes with various alcohols over MgO, donor accepto... 

The methylated complex of cobyric acid is in isomer equilibrium under photolytic or thermal condition to give anti- and syn-forms at a 92 8 molar ratio (Figure 7). The anti- to syn-form ratio for the ethyl-... 

The most important category of dimensionless groups is that of the numerics connected with transport (of mass, energy and angular momentum). Scheme 3.1 shows the three fundamental equations of conservation, written in their simplest form (i.e., one-dimensional). A complete system of numerics can be derived by forming "ratios" of the different terms of these three equations, as was suggested by Klinkenberg and Mooy (1943). This system is reproduced in Scheme 3.2. 

Biaxial orientation leads to isotropic properties in blown film, that is, properties that are eqnal in the two primary directions the film was stretched (i.e., parallel to the flat bit ). Orientation in the machine direction of the film is controlled primarily by take-up ratio, defined above. To control orientation in the transverse direction, we measure something called the blow-up ratio, while the forming ratio provides an indication of the degree of isotropy. 

With l-methylene-2-phenylpropane and methyl ( )-crotonate, a 77% yield of cyclocodimers is obtained but the selectivity for the formation of the benzylidene isomer decreases. Besides an EjZ mixture of methyl 4-benzylidene-2-methylcyclopentanecarboxylate, 4 diastereomers of methyl 5-methyl-3-methylene-2-phenylcyclopentanecarboxylate are formed (ratio of alkene-vs. ring-substituted products 4.8 ... 

The preferential attack of E2 to a terminal carbon of terminal olefins strongly suggests that E2 attacks the carbon atom with the highest electron density. The relative amount of the formation of n-form and /-form may reflect the electron density of carbons in C-C multiple bonds. As seen in Table 1, n- / /-form ratio is high in olefinic compounds while that was low in acetylenic one, in which the charge distribution is more uniform than olefinic molecules. 

It was also shown that the better the laminating bond between the foil and the plastic, the better is the forming operation. To date a typical forming ratio is approximately 1 2.5 (i.e. a cavity diameter of 20 mm would have a depth of 8 mm), using polyamide/aluminium 40 hm/polyamide/PVC film. 

For equilibrium-stage calculations involving the separation of two or more components, separability factors are defined by forming ratios of equilibrium ratios. For the vapor-liquid case, relative volatility is defined by (1-7) as an = KilKj. For the liquid-liquid case, the relative selectivity is defined by (1-8) as Pii = KoJKoj-... 

The interactions between the whiskers and the matrix are very significant The high form ratio of the nanoparticles (50-200) and the high specific surface area ( 170 m. g ) enable us to obtain major phenomena at the interphase. Indeed, in relation to traditional biocomposites based on cellulose fibers or microfibrils, the overall behavior of whisker-based materials is primarily linked to the interface/interphase between the matrix and the nanofiller, which controls the properties and overall performances of the material (mechanical properties, permeability, etc.). 

Fig. 9 (a) Experimental difference IR spectrum, the spectrum obtained after irradiation at 6630 cm" minus the spectrum of the freshly deposited pyruvic acid (PA) in argon matrix, (b) Simulated difference enharmonic IR spectrum at the B3LYP/6-3U-E-EG(d,p) level considering the quantitative conversion of the Tc into the Tt form (ratio 1 1). Reprinted with permission from i, Reva, C, M, Nunes, M. Biczysko and R. Fausto, J. Rhys. Chem. A, 2015,119, 2614, Copyright (2015), American Chemical Society. 

To properly describe and control the bubble-forming process, certain quantities have been developed to characterize the process conditions that influence bubble geometry. These quantities are the take-up ratio (TUR), the blow-up ratio (BUR), and the forming ratio (FR). 

Finally, the forming ratio is the ratio of the TUR to the BUR. This quantity provides an indication of the balance of stretching, and so orientation, between MD and TD. If a film has identical mechanical properties in MD and TD, it is said to have isotropic properties. When a blown film is processed so that the FR approaches one, it is an indication that the properties of the film approach isotropy. There is not an exact relationship between forming ratio, molecular orientation, and property balance however, the general trends are in the same direction. Employing TUR, BUR, and FR provides extrusion personnel with convenient measures of processing conditions. 

Determine the forming ratio and throughput (Ib/hr) for the following LDPE blown film line ... 

Figure4.3 The type of molecular orientation in the film depends on the type of processing stress - high TUR yields high MD orientation, high BUR yields high TD orientation, forming ratio approaching 1 yields balanced orientation...

Impact resistance usually improves with increased processing stress (orientation), especially when the forming ratio approaches a value of one. When the film is produced with high, isotropic (balanced) uniaxial properties, impact resistance is usually maximized. Highly anisotropic film tends to be splitty , resulting in low impact values. 

The density of the positive paste cream can also affect the formed ratio of a-PbOj and p-Pb02. A dense paste favors the formation of a-Pb02 in the internal plate. When the temperature rises, the density of the paste will be decreased, and the spread of lead sulfate will be accelerated, resulting in more formation of p-Pb02. 

The latter arrangement (qg = 0) is most useful with homeotropically aligned samples, for which n is orthogonal to the sample plane, whereas the former (qx = 0) is most useful with planar aligned samples, for which is in the samfde plane. It is convenient to eliminate the proportionality ccmstant in these expressions by forming ratios of the measured photon count rates. Thus,... 

Calculate the non-ionised/ionised form ratio of trihydroxy pyrimide (pffa = 4.0) in the physiological pH (7.4). 

---