Formation of Organic Polymers

Degens, E.T. and Matheja, J., Formation of organic polymers on minerals and vice versa, in Organic Compounds in Aquatic Environments, Faust, S.D. and Hunter, J.V., Eds., Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1971, pp. 29-41. 

Summary Multifunctional (meth)acrylate alkoxysilanes synthesized from commercially available acrylate compounds and mercapto-substituted alkoxysilanes or hydrosilanes are used as novel precursors for inorganic-organic copolymers. The alkoxysilyl groups are available for the formation of an inorganic Si-O-Si backbone by sol-gel processing. The (meth)acrylate groups allow the additional formation of organic polymer units by thermally or photochemically induced polymerisation reactions. 

A number of recently reported synthetic methods include the formation of organic polymers with pendent cyclic or linear phosphazene side groups (reactions 7-9) and a process for the preparation of linear polymers in which phosphazene rings are linked together by organic oligomer chains using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) techniques (reaction 10). ... 

Although the majority of the examples in the literature have used viral capsids to nudeate and template inorganic materials, it is also possible to template the formation of organic polymers on their surface. Niu et used the TMV capsid as a scaffold to bind and polymerize pyrrole and aniline into conductive polymer nanowires. Using the capsid as the scaffold allowed for the creation of well-defined constmcts with a low polydispersity, high processability, and a high aspect ratio. 

Organometallic compounds are considered only with strong restrictions, namely when organic ligands, e.g., methyl groups, are introduced to avoid formation of coordination polymers, as is the case with mononuclear metallo-onium complexes. 

The last class of reactions is of importance for the formation of organic molecules and organic polymers. The carbon insertion reactions (Figure 5.11, reaction (i)) are ion-molecule reactions and so are favoured at low temperatures and result in the... 

Trichlorosilane derivatives of large dye molecules are difficult to purify and owing to moisture sensitivity are hard to handle. Their organic solutions tend to become turbid rather quickly owing to the formation of insoluble polymers. Thus, solutions must be replaced frequendy. An exception may be the combination of self-assembly and surface chemical reaction (186-189,202). On the other hand, co-substituted alkyltrichlorosilane derivatives are easy to synthesize the purify. These could be used for the engineering of surface free energy through the control of chemical functionalities in their SAMs, or as active layers for attachment of biomolecules in biosensors. 

In the following sections some examples are given of the ways in which these principles have been utilized. The first example is the use of these techniques for the low temperature preparation of oxide ceramics such as silica. This process can also be used to produce alumina, titanium oxide, or other metal oxides. The second example describes the conversion of organic polymers to carbon fiber, a process that was probably the inspiration for the later development of routes to a range of non-oxide ceramics. Following this are brief reviews of processes that lead to the formation of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, and aluminum nitride, plus an introduction to the synthesis of other ceramics such as phosphorus nitride, nitrogen-phosphorus-boron materials, and an example of a transition metal-containing ceramic material. 

Non-covalent interactions can result in the formation of supramolecular polymers even from small organic molecules. Typically multiple, strong directional interactions are involved and interesting materials with liquid crystalline, viscoelastic or gel-type behaviour are observed. 

Roginskii, S. Z., Berlin, A. A., Kutseva, L. N., Aseeva, R. M., Cherkashina, L. G., Sherle, A. I., Matseeva, N. G. Catalytic Properties of Organic Polymers with a Conjugated Bond System. The Formation of Hydroperoxides by Oxidation of Alkylaromatic Hydrocarbons and Cychlohexane. Dokl. SSSR, Chemistry Section (English Transl.) 148,35 (1963) (1963),... 

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