Formal Coupled Cluster Theory

This size inconsistency occurs because the two open-shell electrons on the atoms must be singlet-coupled to produce the correct dissociation limit, and a supermolecule, two-determinant approach is therefore required. This difficulty also applies to coupled cluster or perturbation-based wavefunctions that use the RHF determinant as a reference these methods cannot be size consistent for a given molecular system unless the reference wavefunction is size consistent. 

The exponential ansatz described above is essential to coupled cluster theory, but we do not yet have a recipe for determining the so-called cluster amplitudes (tf. If-- , etc.) that parameterize the power series expansion implicit in Eq. [31]. Naturally, the starting point for this analysis is the electronic Schrodinger equation, 

Using a projective technique, one may left-multiply this equation by the reference, Oq, to obtain an expression for the energy. 

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Note that in contrast to a general similarity transformation (e.g., as found in the usual coupled-cluster theory) the canonical transformation produces a Hermitian effective Hamiltonian, which is computationally very convenient. When U is expressed in exponential form, the effective Hamiltonian can be constructed termwise via the formally infinite Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff (BCH) expansion,... 

In addition to the encouraging numerical results, the canonical transformation theory has a number of appealing formal features. It is based on a unitary exponential and is therefore a Hermitian theory it is size-consistent and it has a cost comparable to that of single-reference coupled-cluster theory. Cumulants are used in two places in the theory to close the commutator expansion of the unitary exponential, and to decouple the complexity of the multireference wave-function from the treatment of dynamic correlation. 

The developments of the cluster expansion theories appear to have reached a stage where a clear perspective is beginning to emerge, although no comprehensive review of the various facets of the approach and a critical evaluation of the seemingly disparate formalisms put forward is available in the literature. There are, however, several reviews on closed-shell coupled cluster theories where the open-shell cluster expansion theories are also touched upon/18,19,21,22/. A few reviews on the open-shell MBPT describe in broad terms the cluster expansion techniques in so far as they relate to MBPT /20,23/. A concise survey of what we shall call full cluster expansion theories appears in a recent article by Lindgren and Mukherjee/94[Pg.293]

Mahapatra, U. S. Datta, B. Mukheijee, D. A size-consistent state-specific multireference coupled cluster theory Formal developments and molecular applications, J. Chem. Phys. 1999,110, 6171-6188. 

In this section we examine some of the critical ideas that contribute to most wavefunction-based models of electron correlation, including coupled cluster, configuration interaction, and many-body perturbation theory. We begin with the concept of the cluster function which may be used to include the effects of electron correlation in the wavefunction. Using a formalism in which the cluster functions are constructed by cluster operators acting on a reference determinant, we justify the use of the exponential ansatz of coupled cluster theory. ... 

X. Li and J. Paldus,/. Chem. Phys., 101, 8812 (1994). Automation of the Implementation of Spin-Adapted Open-Shell Coupled-Cluster Theories Relying on the Unitary Group Formalism. 

P. Piecuch, N. Oliphant, and L. Adamowicz, /. Chem. Phys., 99, 1875 (1993). A State-Selective Multireference Coupled-Cluster Theory Employing the Single-Reference Formalism. 

In Volume 5 of this series, R. J. Bartlett and J. E Stanton authored a popular tutorial on applications of post-Hartree-Fock methods. Here in Chapter 2, Dr. T. Daniel Crawford and Professor Henry F. Schaefer III explore coupled cluster theory in great depth. Despite the depth, the treatment is brilliantly clear. Beginning with fundamental concepts of cluster expansion of the wavefunction, the authors provide the formal theory and the derivation of the coupled cluster equations. This is followed by thorough explanations of diagrammatic representations, the connection to many-bodied perturbation theory, and computer implementation of the method. Directions for future developments are laid out. 

Debashis Mukherjee is a Professor of Physical Chemistry and the Director of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, India. He has been one of the earliest developers of a class of multi-reference coupled cluster theories and also of the coupled cluster based linear response theory. Other contributions by him are in the resolution of the size-extensivity problem for multi-reference theories using an incomplete model space and in the size-extensive intermediate Hamiltonian formalism. His research interests focus on the development and applications of non-relativistic and relativistic theories of many-body molecular electronic structure and theoretical spectroscopy, quantum many-body dynamics and statistical held theory of many-body systems. He is a member of the International Academy of the Quantum Molecular Science, a Fellow of the Third World Academy of Science, the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences. He is the recipient of the Shantiswarup Bhatnagar Prize of the Council of Scientihc and Industrial Research of the Government of India. 

Keywords Coupled-cluster theory Local correlation methods Cluster-inmolecule formalism Linear scaling algorithms Single-reference coupled-cluster methods CCSD approach CCSD(T) approach Completely renormalized coupled-cluster approaches CR-CC(2,3) approach Large molecular systems Bond breaking Normal alkanes Water clusters... 

The coupled-cluster electronic state is uniquely defined by the set of the cluster amplitudes and these amplitudes are used to obtain the coupled-cluster energy from Eq. (33). Due to the fact that the Ansatz of the coupled-cluster wave function has the exponential parametrization [Eq. (28)] the energy is size-extensive. This is an obvious advantage of the coupled-cluster formalism compared to some other techniques (e.g. configuration interaction). For a general discussion of coupled-cluster theory and the coupled-cluster equations see Refs. [5, 36]. 

The aim of this book is to present the basic aspects of the molecular response function theory for molecular systems in solution described with the Polarizable Continuum Model, giving special emphasis both to the physical basis of the theory and to its quantum chemical formalism. The QM formalism will be presented in the form of the coupled-cluster theory, as it is the most recent and less known formulation for the QM calculation of molecular properties within the PCM... 

In this way, we have obtained a set of closed equations for the m2 operator. Equations (3.132) and (3.274) form the basis of the coupled cluster approximation at the double excitation level. The formalism discussed above can be used in the derivation of the single-reference Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster theory. 

Paldus [73] has emphasised that, when exploiting a multi-reference formalism in coupled cluster theory,... 

These two possible formulations of multi-reference Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster theory are discussed further below. In Section 4.2.2.1, we present a multiroot formulation of Brillouin-Wigner theory. This formalism is employed in Section 4.2.2.2 to develop a multi-root, multi-reference Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster theory, using a Hilbert space approach. In Section 4.2.2.3, we discuss the basic approximations employed in the multi-reference Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster method. 

The application of the Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster theory to the multireference function electron correlation problem yields two distinct approaches (i) the multi-root formalism which was discussed in Section 4.2.2 and (ii) the single-root formalism described in the previous subsections of this section. Section 4.2.3. The multiroot multi-reference Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster formalism reveals insights into other formulations of the multi-reference coupled cluster problem which often suffer from the intruder state problem which, and in practice, may lead to spurious... 

In Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster theory, the simple a posteriori correction described above is exact in the case of the single-reference formalism. In the state-specific multi-reference Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster theory, the simple a posteriori correction is approximate. An iterative correction for lack of extensivity has been studied by Kttner [38], but this reintroduces the intruder state problem. 

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