Forces also primary

Although the primary role of the proton gradient in mitochondria is to furnish energy for the synthesis of ATP, the proton-motive force also drives several transport processes essential to oxidative phosphorylation. The inner mitochondrial membrane is generally impermeable to charged species, but two specific systems transport ADP and Pj into the matrix and ATP out to the cytosol (Fig. 19-26). 

There is reason to believe that hydrogen bonding takes place between primary amino and acetyl groups and that Van der Waals forces also contribute to the retention of the dye... 

Finally, it is of interest to compare intramolecular ET in hCp with the corresponding processes in laccase and ascorbate oxidase. As in hCp, pulse radiolytically produced RSSR radicals are also the primary reaction products in tree laccase (73), and the reduction equivalents are further transferred to the TFCu ) center in an intramolecular process. The rate of Tl(Cu ) reoxidation by intramolecular ET to T2/T3 takes place unimolecularly with a rate constant of 2s at room temperature, similar to that observed in hCp (2.9 s ), which is hardly surprising, since the stmctural arrangements of the T1-T2/3 sites in these two proteins are quite similar (the driving forces also are comparable). The situation in ascorbate oxidase, however, was found to be more complex (Section... 

There are three primary categories of secondary forces, also called van der Waals forces dispersion forces, induction forces, and dipole forces—from weakest to strongest. These forces are highly sensitive to the distance between the molecules, with an approximate range of action between 3 and 5 A (1 A = 1 x 10 m). This... 

While the Navy and Marines also use many of the same helicopters as the Army and Air Force, the primary workhorses have been the SH-3 Sea King and the GH-46 Sea Knight. These medium-lift helicopters are used to transport personnel and cargo. 

Sulfuric acid is the chemical force behind primary quintessential processes that end up creating what we call modem civilization. So, sulfur is the stealthy powerhouse of our modem world. Sulfuric acid became affectionately (at least to sulfur enthusiasts) known as the old warhorse of chemistry. An applicable nickname for sulfur would have been Xanthus, the mythological horse that pulled Achilles chariot into battle and is also the Greek word for yellow Though so essential, sulfur does not usually end up in the final product. What then becomes of the sulfur Sadly, le roi du sol is often discarded as a waste product, such as... 

The derivation of the mollified impulse method in [7] suggests that the same integrator be used for the auxiliary problem as that used for integrating the reduced primary problem M d fdt )X = F X) between impulses. Of eourse, Ax(x) is also needed. For the partitionings + j/aiow typically used in MD, this would lead unfortunately to a matrix Ax(x) with a great many nonzeros. However, it is probably important to take into account only the fastest components of [7]. Hence, it would seem sufficient to use only the fastest forces jjj averaging calculation. 

The advantage of molecular mechanics is that it allows the modeling of enormous molecules, such as proteins and segments of DNA. This is why it is the primary tool of computational biochemists. It also models intermolecular forces well. 

The primary requirement for carrying out MD simulations is a suitable interatomic potential for the description of forces acting between atoms in the cascade. A general discussion on MD can be found (47) and detailed summaries of the use of MD in ion—soHd interactions are also available (43,48). 

Secondary Bonding. The atoms in a polymer molecule are held together by primary covalent bonds. Linear and branched chains are held together by secondary bonds hydrogen bonds, dipole interactions, and dispersion or van der Waal s forces. By copolymerization with minor amounts of acryhc (CH2=CHCOOH) or methacrylic acid followed by neutralization, ionic bonding can also be introduced between chains. Such polymers are known as ionomers (qv). 

Reproductive System. The primary PGs are intimately involved in reproductive physiology (67). PGE2 and PGP2Q, are potent contractors of the pregnant utems and intravenous infusion of either of these compounds to pregnant humans produces a dose-dependent increase in frequency and force of uterine contraction. PGI2 and TXA2 have mild relaxant and stimulatory effects, respectively, on uterine tissue. The primary PGs also play a role in parturition, ovulation, luteolysis, and lactation and have been impHcated in male infertility. 

Plastic working of a metal such as steel is the permanent deformation accompHshed by applying mechanical forces to a metal surface. The primary objective is usually the production of a specific shape or si2e (mechanical shaping), although increasingly it also involves the improvement of certain physical and mechanical properties of the metal (mechanical treatment). These two objectives can be readily attained simultaneously. 

F.,p = primary shaking force in the vertical direction - secondary shaking force in the vertical direction 0) - angular velocity, rad/sec B = crankangle, also tot... 

Depth-sensing nanoindentation is one of the primary tools for nanomechanical mechanical properties measurements. Major advantages to this technique over AFM include (1) simultaneous measurement of force and displacement (2) perpendicular tip-sample approach and (3) well-modeled mechanics for dynamic measurements. Also, the ability to quantitatively infer contact area during force-displacement measurements provides a very useful approach to explore adhesion mechanics and models. Disadvantages relative to AFM include lower force resolution, as well as far lower spatial resolution, both from the larger tip radii employed and a lack of sample positioning and imaging capabilities provided by piezoelectric scanners. 

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