For biological materials

A more thorough review of analytical methods can be found in ATSDR (2003). Sample detection limits for biological material are typically in the range of 1-5... 

The classical approach for particle size determination, or more correctly for particle size selection - which is still used for solids like soils, sediments and other technical materials like coal, and also for biological materials - is sieving analysis. The raw material is milled, generally after drying, see Section 2.1, and if the required particle size is obtained, typically ranging from <0.1 to a few mm, it is allowed to pass sieves with different apertures to discard coarse particles and remaining materials. For materials consisting of numerous different particles microscopical inspection is used. 

The use of natural abundance variations in stable isotopes as tracers relies on the fractionations that occur during chemical, physical and biological processes (Ambrose 1993). Differences in fractionation during these processes lead to distinct isotopic signatures for biological materials, such as in foods exploited by humans in antiquity. 

C.A. Wijayawardhana, H.B. Halsall, and W.R. Heineman, Milestones of electrochemical immunoassay at Cincinnati. Electroanalytical Methods for Biological Materials 329-365 (2002). 

The phenomenon of aqueous two-phase polymer systems has been known since the 19th century. However, the utilization of aqueous two-phase systems as a separation method for biological materials was explored much later by Albertsson in the mid-1950s. Albertsson performed an extensive investigation on the ability of different water-soluble polymers to form aqueous two-phase systems and how biological macromolecules and cell particles partitioned in these phase systems [27]. 

F. A. Armstrong in Electroanalytical Methods for Biological Materials Eds. A. Brajter-Toth, J. Q. Chambers, (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002, Chapter 5. 

Cabral JMS, Aires-Barros MR (1993) In Kennedy JF, Cabral JMS (eds) Recoveryprocesses for biological materials. Wiley, New York, p 254... 

CF3OF 104.01 -215/-95 + + + + + mild reaction conditions, suitable for biological materials, further- 4, 5. 

Recovery Processes for Biological Materials. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Compressive measurements provide a means to determine specimen stiffness, Young s modulus of elasticity, strength at failure, stress at yield, and strain at yield. These measurements can be performed on samples such as soy milk gels (Kampf and Nussi-novitch, 1997) and apples (Lurie and Nussi-novitch, 1996). In the case of convex bodies, where Poisson s ratio is known, the Hertz model should be applied to the data in order to determine Young s modulus of elasticity (Mohsenin, 1970). It should also be noted that for biological materials, Young s modulus or the apparent elastic modulus is dependent on the rate at which a specimen is deformed. 

The first and fastest tests simply categorize product components as protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ions or nucleic acids. Many of these techniques have been documented elsewhere for biological materials [18,20,22,23,29,30] but are repeated here to emphasize their utility in all staining, especially in the more difficult foods such as process cheese, lunchmeats etc., which are heavily buffered. Where such is the case, the pH of the unembedded product must be matched to that of the dye so as not to confound interpretation. 

Bind solvents that cause lysis of cellular membranes for biological material... 

Hence, may have a small nonlinear dependence upon E. Biological membranes are known to have a nonlinear response to a static or low-frequency electric field (13,14, 15), and many researchers have suggested a nonlinear response for biological materials due to RF fields ( 6-20). Neglecting the second term of Equation (1), the simplest linear plus nonlinear dependence of Elav on Eq may be expressed as... 

Tissues are composites of macromolecules, water, ions, and minerals, and therefore their mechanical properties fall somewhere between those of random coil polymers and those of ceramics. Table 6.1 lists the static physical properties of cells, soft and hard tissues, metals, polymers, ceramics, and composite materials. The properties listed in Table 6.1 for biological materials are wide ranging and suggest that differences in the structure of the constituent macromolecules, which are primarily proteins, found in tissues give rise to the large variations in strength (how much stress is required to break a tissue) and modulus (how much stress is required to stretch a tissue). Because most proteins are composed of random chain structures, a... 

A simple ICP-MS analysis procedure for biological materials was developed based on the extraction with a commercial, water-soluble tertiary amine solution [13]. Arsenic, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, Se, and Zn were determined. 

To optimize processes that are based upon the interaction between microstructure and flow (for example, proppant placement in hydraulic fracture of geologic formations [oil recovery], separations processes for biological materials, mixing and dispersion of additives in blenders, crystal growth and solidification processes). 

J. T. H. Roos, A Simple Vapour-Phase Dissolution Technique for Biological Materials, a paper presented at the Symposium on the Analysis of Biological Material, Spectroscopy Society of South Africa, October 1977, Pretoria, South Africa. 

Chang RR, Jarman WM, King CC, Esperanza CC, Stephens RD (1990), Chemosphere 20 881-886. Bioaccumulation of PCDDs and PCDFs in food animals A rapid clean-up for biological materials using reversed phase adsorbent columns"... 

Okamoto, K., Fuwa, K. Low-contamination digestion bomb method using a Teflon double vessel for biological materials. Anal. Chem. 56, 1758-1760 (1984)... 

Adrian, W.J. A new wet digestion method for biological material utilizing pressure. At Absorption Newsl. 10, 96 (1971)... 

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