Fluorophosphates mono

The most recognized toothpaste ingredient is probably the class of compounds known as fluorides. Stannous fluoride was the first to be used in toothpaste because, unlike sodium fluoride, it did not lose its effectiveness when combined with the abrasive most common at the time, calcium phosphate. Later, sodium mono-fluorophosphate came into popular use because it too could be used with the common abrasives. 

FP03(NH4)2 Ammonium mono-fluorophosphate, 2 155 FP03Na2 Sodium monofluorophos-phate, 3 106, 108 F2Ag Silver(II) fluoride, 8 176 F2Ca Calcium fluoride, 4 137 F2Hg Mercury (II) fluoride, 4 136 F2KH Potassium hydrogen fluoride, 1 140... 

Currently accepted dentifrices contain sodium mono-fluorophosphate, sodium fluoride, or, less frequently, stannous fluoride, all of which reduce caries by approximately 25% when used daily. In some clinical studies, stannous fluoride dentifrices stained teeth, particularly in pits and fissures. This stain is related to the tin in this compoimd, which adheres to plaque. The significance of this staining and its esthetic problems have resulted in a decreased usage in dentifrices. Stannous fluoride dentifrices are marketed in a plastic container because a reaction of stannous ions at an acid pH occurs when conventional soft metal tubes are used. 

Peterson, J.K. A supervised brushing trial of sodium mono-fluorophosphate dentifrices in a fluoridated area. Caries Res. 1979, 13 (2), 68-72. 

Ringe JD, Kipshoven C, Coster A, Umbach R. Therapy of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with mono-fluorophosphate plus calcium dose-related effects on bone density and fracture rate. Osteoporos Int 1999 9(2) 171-8. 

Ralla G, Melsen B Desorption of protein and bacteria from hydroxyapatite by fluoride and mono-fluorophosphate. Caries Res 1975 9 66-73. 

P03F(NH4)2 Ammonium mono- fluorophosphate, 2 155 P03FNa2 Sodium monofluorophos-phate, 3 106, 108 P03H3 Phosphorous acid, 4 55 P03NH2(C2H6)2 Diethyl mono-amidophosphate, 4 77 (P03Na)j Sodium polymetaphosphate, 3 104... 

Fluorophosphates. As with many other oxo anions, fluorine can replace OH in phosphate to give mono- and di-fluorophosphate salts and esters. The dialkyl monofluorophosphate esters have been found to inhibit cholinesterase in the body and to be exceedingly toxic. The hexafluorophosphate ion, PFg, has been discussed (page 376). 

FPO3K2 Potassium monofluoro-phosphate, 3 109 FPOs(NH4)2 Ammonium mono-fluorophosphate, 2 155... 

Dedicated benchtop NMR analyzers for a variety of applications are available. These include an analyzer to determine fluoride in toothpaste quantitatively, such as the MQC from Oxford Instruments, a 23 MHz benchtop NMR, and another to determine water droplet size distribution in oil/water emulsions. Fluoride is often added to toothpaste as sodium fluoride or sodium mono-fluorophosphate to prevent tooth decay. The fluorine analyzer can determine fluorine at the level of a few hundred ppm. Toothpaste is squeezed into a glass sample tube and the quantitative determination of fluorine takes less than 1 min. The NMR method uses no solvents or reagents and is independent of the sample color and clarity, unlike the colorimetric methods and other instrumental methods such as ion chromatography (IC) that are used for this purpose. In the water droplet size distribution analyzer, droplets as small as 0.25 pm can be measured. The shelf life and palatability of products such as margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressings, and soft cheese depend on the size of... 

In 1948, a preparation of DFP was described by Saxmders and Stacey of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Saunders and Stacey, 1948), and a US patent was filed (McCombie et al., 1949). In 1949, another patent was filed for production of mono and dialkyl fluorophosphates. These were produced by treating alkyl polyphosphates with HF and were called dialkoxy phosphoryl monofluoride (Lange, 1949). The monoesters were purported to have low toxicity in mammals but showed fungicidal properties. For that time period in the open literature, preparation of DFP by other complicated methods has been reported, as well as studies of its effects on the nervous systems and as a potential treatment of human diseases. Further efforts regarding the application of fluorophosphoric acid and its salts were focused on the prevention of dental disease (i.e., as an additive in toothpaste). 

---