Fluoride systemic effects

Ingestion of hydrogen fluoride or inorganic fluorides may cause severe hydrogen fluoride burns to the mouth, esophagus and stomach. System effects (hypocalcemia) as well as cardiac dysrhythmias can also occur.25... 

Iodofluorination and bromofluorination of alkenes are also effected in hydrogen fluoride systems by using bromine or iodine with an equivalent amount of silver(I) nitrate. In some cases, iodofluorination can also be achieved by iodine without adding the silver(I) salt, as illustrated in the following procedure. 

SAFETY PROFILE A human poison by an unspecified route. Poison experimentahy by ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. Human systemic effects by unspecified route convulsions, coma, nausea and vomiting. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Used as an insecticide and rodenticide. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of F and NOx. See also FLUORIDES. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation. Human skin (systemic) effects. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of F" and Te. See also FLUORIDES and TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS. 

HUMAN TOXICITY DATA (Note Toxicity data for sodium fluoride (NaF) will be used for illustrative purposes). Oral human LDLo 71 mg/kg toxic effect central nervous system, musculo-skeletal effects, such as osteoporosis and muscular degeneration intradermal-human TDLo 14pg/kg toxic effect peripheral nervous system effects, mucous membrane effects oral-man TDLo 1662 mg/kg toxic effect cardiovascular system, pulmonary effects, gastrointestinal tract oral-woman LDLo 90 mg/kg oral-woman LDLo 360 mg/kg toxic effect pulmonary effects, gastrointestinal tract oral-woman TDLo 7 mg/kg toxic effect eye, pulmonary effects unreported-man LDLo 75 mg/kg. 

Watanabe, Tasaka et al. [8 to 13] studied NF3 formation in the electrolysis of the molten potassium hydrogen difluoride-hydrogen fluoride-ammonium fluoride system. NF3 in up to 75% current yields, N2, and small quantities of N2O and F2 were produced in this system. The addition of a few wt% of fluorides such as LiF, C0F2, NiF2, or AIF3 to the electrolyte prevented anode polarization ( anode effect ). The electrode kinetics of the formation of NF3 have been thoroughly discussed. 

On the other hand, for measurements done at constant temperature (850 °C), Dp and Dpi continually decrease monotonously with the addition of CaF2. These results clearly show the effects of the composition and of the temperature on the self-diffusion. Such observations have been already described for fluorine self-diffusion coefficients in other fluoride systems [14,15]. Nevertheless, the fact that lithium is significantly affected by the composition was not seen in LiF-KF melts. Potassium and lithium cations have close ionic radii and have the same valence. Their ionic potentials corresponding to the polarizing strength of the ions... 

Uranium is among the major elements in most fuel cycles and the effective separation of actinides from lanthanides is highly desirable mainly because of the neutron poisoning properties of the fission products. Electroseparation processes are investigated widely in molten chlorides and fluorides. For example, U separation by electrolysis on a solid inert cathode is used within the integral fast reactor (IFR) concept [1]. It is the main goal of this work to extend knowledge about the possibilities of uranium separation from molten fluoride systems. 

Effectiveness ofi Water Spray Mitigation Systems fior Accidental Releases ofiHydrogen Fluoride, Summary Report, National Technical Information Service, June 1989. 

BeryUium reacts with fused alkaU haUdes releasing the alkaU metal until an equUibrium is estabUshed. It does not react with fused haUdes of the alkaline-earth metals to release the alkaline-earth metal. Water-insoluble fluoroberyUates, however, are formed in a fused-salt system whenever barium or calcium fluoride is present. BeryUium reduces haUdes of aluminum and heavier elements. Alkaline-earth metals can be used effectively to reduce beryUium from its haUdes, but the use of alkaline-earths other than magnesium [7439-95-4] is economically unattractive because of the formation of water-insoluble fluoroberyUates. Formation of these fluorides precludes efficient recovery of the unreduced beryUium from the reaction products in subsequent processing operations. 

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