Fluorescent labeling, generations

A diagnostic method using fluorescence labeled DNA probes to detect and quantify the number complementary chromosomal sequences on a cellular resolution. A related technique that also allows assessment of gene amplifications, but without precise quantification of copy numbers is the chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Here, instead of a fluorescent dye an enzyme that can generate a colored precipitate in the tissue samples is coupled to the DNA probe. 

The STR data generated at NIST were based on amplifying i.o ng of the genomic DNA with fluorescent labelled primers. The PCR amplified products were analyzed by slab gel electrophoresis followed by imaging with a Molecular Dynamics Fluorl-mager 595 or by capUlary electrophoresis using a PE-ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer. 

Fig. 1 Real-time tracking of cell adhesion [42]. (a) Components of a total internal reflection fluorescent microscope (TIRFM). (b) The cell adhesion process (7) a cell approaches the surface, (2) the cell lands, (3) the cell attaches, and (4) the cell spreads out on the surface. The evanescent field was generated by total internal reflection of a laser beam at the glass-water interface. Cells with fluorescently labeled membranes (dashed lines) were plated on SAMs. Cell membranes within the evanescent field (solid line) were observed by TIRFM. Corresponding TIRFM images are shown below...

Recently, there has been success in generating cocultures that more faithfully reproduce in vivo metastatic microenvironments. An ex vivo microscale liver perfusion bioreactor was used to assess metastatic seeding, mimicking the salient features of fluid dynamics and functionality of hepatic parenchyma. Invasion and subsequent growth of breast and prostate carcinoma cells were detected by two-photon microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells. Tumors... 

Color Plate 29 DNA Sequencing by Capillary Gel Electrophoresis with Fluorescent Labels (Section 26-6) Tall red peaks correspond to chains terminating in cytosine and short red peaks correspond to thymine. Tall blue peaks arise from adenine and short blue peaks indicate guanine. Two different fluorescent labels and two fluorescence wavelengths were required to generate this information. [From M. C. Ruiz-Martinez, J. Berka, A. Belenkii,... 

Thiazole orange derivatives have also been covalently attached to oligonucleotides to generate a fluorescently labelled probe oligonucleotide capable... 

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