Fluid mechanics film series

Photographic methods. The camera is one of the most valuable tools in a fluid mechanics research laboratory. In studying the motion of water, for example, a series of small spheres consisting of a mixture of benzene and carbon tetrachloride adjusted to the same specific gravity as the water can be introduced into the flow through suitable nozzles. When illuminated from the direction of the camera, these spheres will stand out in a picture. If successive exposures are taken on the same film, the velocities and the accelerations of the particles can be determined. 

The individual heat transfer coefficients for the medium and the liquor can be calculated from general correlations using the properties of the fluid and the velocity fields in the system.Additional information can be found in the continuing series of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Detailed studies and bibliographies on prediction of individual heat transfer coefficients for evaporating films on/in horizontal/vertical tubes, can be found in other publications. " ... 

F. J. Neugebauer and E. L. Lustenader of the General Electric Co. studied mechanically removing the boundary layer of evaporating water in 1957. Included in this work was the optimization of a series of drainage grooves to break up the fluid film on the condensing side of a steam-heated evaporator surface. The result... 

Heat transfer in region 1 was assumed to take place by three different mechanisms, neglecting the heat transfer through radiation. The three mechanisms are (1) heat transfer by turbulent diffusion in the radial direction, kg, (2) heat transfer by molecular conduction in the fluid boundary layer, kb, and (3) heat transfer through the thin film near particle eontact points, kg. Mechanisms (1) and (2) operate in series while mechanism (3) operates in parallel. The resulting effective bed eonduetivity can thus be expressed as... 

The external fluid film resistance (the corresponding mass-transfer coefficient ki from equations (3.4.32a,b)) is in series with the intraparticle transport resistance. The flux of a species through a porous/mesoporous/microporous adsorbent particle consists, in general, of simultaneous contributions from the four transport mechanisms described earlier for gas transport in Section 3.1.3.2 (for molecular diffusion, where (Dak/T>ab) 2> 1) ... 

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