Fluid-filled formations

Thus far in this discussion, these fluid-filled formations of Florida have been considered as part of a geologic system, a hydrologic system, and as a coexisting geochemical system. It would seem desirable to combine the results of the various natural processes into one unifying concept. 

Experiments on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action suggest that bromethalin uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in central nervous system mitocondria(19). This could lead to a decreased production of ATP, a diminished activity of Na /K ATPase, and a subsequent fluid build up manifested by fluid-filled vacuoles between the myelin sheaths. This vacuole formation in turn leads to an increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure and increased pressure on the nerve axons, yielding a decrease in nerve impulse, paralysis, and death. 

An enhanced formation of lymph or reduced lymph drainage can cause enlargement of the liver. Here fluid-filled cysts can also be regarded as a cause of hepatomegaly. 

Erythema then develops, followed by the formation of painful and irritating fluid-filled blisters on the lips and skin around the mouth, which break down into shallow, weeping ulcers within 1-3 days. 

FIGURE 1 Cellular and tissue alterations induced by HD that are proposed to result in blister formation. HD can have many direct effects, such as alkylation of proteins and membrane components (Memb), as well as activation of inflammatory cells. One of the main macromolecular targets is DNA, with subsequent activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Activation of PARP can initiate a series of metabolic changes culminating in protease activation. Within the tissue, the penultimate event is the epidermal-dermal separation that occurs in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone. Accompanied by a major inflammatory response and changes in the tissue hydrodynamics (Hyd), fluid fills the cavity formed at this cleavage plane and presents as a blister. 

FIGURE 46.2 Mechanism of organogel formation by fluid filled structures. 

FIGURE 58.8 Schematic representation of the mechanisms of emulgel formation (a) emulsion organogel by fluid-filled structures and (b) emulsion hydrogel by fluid-filled structures. (From De Loos, M. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119,12675,1997.)... 

Fig. 10.3. Papillary projections in ovarian cancer. On a parasagittal T2-weighted image, a cystic ovarian lesion with sep-tations and multiple papillary projections is demonstrated. Some small isolated papillary projections are located at the base of the lesion arrow). At the top, a 1.5-cm papillary projection protrudes into the fluid-filled cavity. At the posterior aspect of the tumor, septal wall thickening and coalescence of papillary projections forming hroad-based formations (long arrow) is demonstrated. Papillary projections typically display low signal intensity on T2-weighted image. B, bladder...

Muscle tears can be followed by cystic transformation of the hematoma consisting of an ovoid fluid-filled anechoic cavity with well-defined margins located within the muscle (Fig. 13.28). A significant complication of vastus intermedius tears secondary to direct contusion trauma is myositis ossificans circumscripta, which is also referred to as heterotopic bone formation. This self-limiting condition starts with undefined chronic pain in the middle thigh... 

Step 2. When the formation fluid is out of the hole, a kill mud is circulated down the drillpipe. To obtain constant bottomhole pressure, the casing pressure is kept constant (see Figure 4-352b) while the drillpipe pressure drops. Once the kill mud reaches the bottom of the hole the control moves back to the drillpipe side. The drillpipe pressure is maintained constant (almost constant) while the new mud fills the annulus. 

Phase 2. This phase is initiated when the kill mud begins filling the annulus and is finished when the formation fluid reaches the choke. The standpipe pressure remains essentially constant by proper adjustment of the choke. 

Phase 3. The formation fluid is circulated out of the hole while heavier mud fills the annulus. Again the choke operator maintains the drillpipe pressure constant and constant pumping speed. 

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