Flowcharts Subject

The subject of these notes might be described as "abstract flowcharts" - the study of mathematical models for programs and flowcharts, and of the interrelation between the syntax of programs (what can be said about their behavior from their very format) and the semantics (interpretations and the functions computed under varying interpretations) and the application of formal proof systems to verify properties of programs. 

In the converter, the ammonia reaas completely, with 97% forming NO and the balance forming N2. In the short time in which the reaction mixture is in the presence of the catalyst (less than 0.001 s), a negligible amount of NO2 is formed. The product gas is subjected to a series of cooling and hydration steps in which the NO is completely oxidized to NO2, which in turn combines with water (some of which is present in the product gas, the rest of which is added) to form a 55 wt% aqueous nitric acid solution. The NO formed in the latter reaction is reoxidized and the added NO2 is hydrated to form still more HNO3. The product gas from the process may be taken to contain only N2 and O2. A simplified flowchart of the process follows. 

Figure 4.1. The flowchart illustrating common steps employed in a structural characterization of materials by using the powder diffraction method. It always begins with the sample preparation as a starting point, followed by a properly executed experiment both are considered in Chapter 3. Preliminary data processing and profile fitting are discussed in this chapter in addition to common issues related to phase identification and analysis. Unit cell determination, crystal structure solution and refinement are the subjects of Chapters 5,6, and 7, respectively. The flowchart shows the most typical applications for the three types of experiments, although any or all of the data processing steps may be applied to fast, overnight and weekend experiments when justified by their quality and characterization goals.

As previously discussed, one of the determinant factors for the right selection of size reduction equipment is consideration of the hardness of the material to be processed. The second factor of great relevance is the required capacity, either fixed or subjected to variations by process requirements. Taking these two main considerations along with a thorough analysis of as many other factors as necessary, flowcharts can be devised to select and locate the most suitable comminution units for a size reduction plant. The combination of different criteria may be summarized in charts, like the one given in Table 4.3, which includes some typical applications of the principal size reduction equipment. 

Deming principles, or other soundly based quality management concepts, cannot be applied without the use of statistical control methods— cause-and-effect diagrams, control charts, run (trend) charts, Pareto charts, flowcharts, check sheets, and histograms. Juran and Gryna (1983) are very good on this subject. So also are Cyrus Derman and Sheldon M. Ross (1997) in Statistical Aspects of Quality Control. 

The guidance provided in the sections above represent a pragmatic way to ensure compliance with BS/EN/ISO 11064-6 2005. In general, the minimum standards posit easily measurable objective criteria for control room environments, and the human factors best practice goes further to offer not just quicker, more efficient ways of measuring compliance but also ways that map onto the subjectively felt experience of the control room environment itself. As the flowchart presented earlier suggests, having undertaken a first pass and perhaps manipulated some environmental variables, the opportunity should be taken to reevaluate the situation. This iterative cycle helps to ensure that the appropriate systems perspective is adopted (per BS/EN/ISO 11064-6 2005) and that optimum trade-offs are applied. 

The data collection process is shown in Figure 3.1. The sections in this chapter corresponding to each subject are indicated on the flowchart. 

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