Flow medical applications

While more commonly used to count or otherwise characterize cells for medical applications, Coulter Counters and flow cytometry technique can also be applied to the analysis of pollen grains in allelopathic studies. They are quite useful in determining the size and number of pollen grains. The technique is often used for assessing the production and size of pollen from the originating individual rather than how much was transferred to heterospecific stigma, as would be needed in a basic assessment of potential allelopathic interactions. 

In situations where inappropriate clot formation results in the blockage of a blood vessel, the tissue damage that ensues depends, to a point, upon how long the clot blocks blood flow. Rapid removal of the clot can often minimize the severity of tissue damage. Thus, several thrombolytic (clot-degrading) agents have found medical application (Table 12.5). The market for an effective thrombolytic agent is substantial. In the USA alone, it is estimated that 1.5 million people suffer acute myocardial infarction each year, and there are another 0.5 million suffer strokes. 

In medical applications, the dialysis SPM may be the patient s own stomach lining. A prepared solution is infused into the abdomen, stimulating osmotic flow of toxins across the stomach lining into the ingested solution, which is subsequently drained from the stomach. Alternatively, the dialyzer for blood dialysis (hemodialysis) may be a prepared membrane with special solution over which the blood flows to osmotically remove impurities. 

The absorption and scattering of the y-rays in the presence of matter between the tracers and the detectors, such as human bones and body tissues in medical application as well as vessel walls and internals of a multi-phase flow system in non-medical application, will introduce... 

Benton, D. M., and Parker, D. J., Non-medical applications of positron emission tomography, in "Non-Invasive Monitoring of Multiphase Flows" (J. Chaouki, F. Larachi, and M. P. Dudukovic Eds.), pp. 161-184. Elsevier Science, New York... 

The overwhelming majority of medical applications of HA is based on the viscoelasticity of the concentrated HA solutions. Viscoelasticity means that the fluid can absorb mechanical impact by elasticity or dissipate it by viscous flow. Viscoelasticity is characteristic for body fluids with higher HA concentrations of a considerable molecular mass, especially synovial fluid and the vitreous liquid of the eye. 

Microfluidics is the manipulation of fluids in channels, with at least two dimensions at the micrometer or submicrometer scale. This is a core technology in a number of miniaturized systems developed for chemical, biological, and medical applications. Both gases and liquids are used in micro-/nanofluidic applications, ° and generally, low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics is relevant to bioMEMS applications. Typical Reynolds numbers for biofluids flowing in microchannels with linear velocity up to 10 cm/s are less than Therefore, viscous forces dominate the response and the flow remains laminar. 

The technique of positron emission tomography (PET), developed for medical applications, offers also the capability to map flow distributions in geological layers. Conservative tracers, marked with a positron emitting radionuclid, can be used for hydrodynamic studies in soil columns. Suitable tracers for such studies are for example kali-umfluoride- or cobalthexacyanocomplex, marked with the positron emitting isotops F-18 and Co-58 respectivly. 

Positron Emisssion Tomography 3-8 mm low tracer concentration, which not influences the geochemical regime measurement of spatial velocity by steady state flow possible flow detection also in single small pores (0 < 0.5 mm) special radioactive tracer necessary, commercial PET-cameras only for medical applications available... 

In this chapter we start with fundamental aspects of local blood tissue thermal interaction. Discussions on how the blood effect is modeled then follow. Different approaches to theoretically modeling the blood flow in the tissue are shown. In particular the assumptions and validity of several widely used continuum bioheat transfer equations are evaluated. Different techniques to measure temperature, thermophysical properties, and blood flow are then described. The final part of the chapter focuses on one of the medical applications of heat transfer, hyperthermia treatment for tumors. 

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