Flocculation parameters influencing

Izumrudov et al., 1983) and their parameters influence on the flocculating properties (Tarasenko et al., 1980) and the ability to reduc.e hydrodynamic resistance in turbulent streams (Uskov and Uskova, 1983) ... 

The major unresolved questions for these systems are the coalescence and flocculation of particles under mechanical agitation and the parameters which influence copolymer composition drift. 

INFLUENCE OF MIXING PARAMETERS AND WATER QUALITY ON THE FLOCCULATION OF KAOLINITE WITH ALUMINIUM SULPHATE... 

A fundamental study of the mechanisms of a coagulation-flocculation process requires knowledge about the characteristics of both the formed floes and the process. To investigate the influence of the different process parameters on the different characteristics, an objective coagulant dose must be used. Tbe majority... 

Tables 3 and 4 (column 4) give the influence of the different mixing parameters and of the water conditions on the total floe build-up time. From the results it is clear that a more intense mixing during coagulation (Gpapy) and during flocculation accelerates floe formation. The choice of the duration of...

It is clear from Equations (9.1) to (9.4) that the free energy of formation of a nucleus and the critical radius r, above which the cluster formation grows spontaneously, depend on two main parameters, namely a and (S/S ), both of which are influenced by the presence of surfactants, a is influenced in a direct way by the adsorption of surfactant onto the surface of the nucleus this adsorption lowers y and this in turn reduces r and AG in other words, spontaneous cluster formation will occur at a smaller critical radius. In addition, surfactant adsorption stabilises the nuclei against any flocculation. The presence of micelles in solution also affects the processes ofnucleation and growth, both directly and indirectly. For example, the micelles can act as nuclei on which growth may occur, and may also solubilize the molecules of the material this can affect the relative supersaturation and, in turn, may have an effect on nucleation and growth. 

Direct and inverse emulsions are found in everyday-life products. For instance, both types of emulsion are common in food oil-in-water emulsions include milk, cream, and mayonnaise butter and margarine are examples of water-in-oil emulsions. Furthermore, recent studies were carried out, with the help of professional sensory panelists, to determine the influence of emulsion type on the perception of taste [36], In relation to the breakdown mechanisms of emulsions (creaming/sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence, and Ostwald ripening), controlling emulsion type can be regarded as a key parameter to design stabilization/destabilization processes. In cosmetic... 

Influence of the system parameters on the critical flocculation point... 

The recovery of proteins from cultivation medium is usually performed by precipitation, adsorption, flocculation, extraction and ultrafiltration [62-64]. The adsorptive bubble separation techniques were considered in a book by Lemlich [65]. Foam flotation was described by Wilson and Clark [66]. However, in these books, no systematic investigations on the influence of equipment and operating parameters on protein enrichment and separation factors were published. 

The change of the fractal dimension D with temperature reflects the corresponding changes in sizes, degree of compactness and asymmetiy of shape of a macromolecular coil in solution [89]. The importance of the temperature dependence of study is determined by strong influence of this parameter on the processes of synthesis [28], catalysis [90], flocculation [91], so forth. At present as far as we know experimental evaluations of the temperature dependence of a macromolecular coil are absent. Theoretical estimations [13] suppose that the temperature enhancement makes the fractal less compact, that is, leads to Devalue reduction. Therefore, the authors [92] performed the experimental study of dependence on temperature for the macromolecular coils of polyarylate F-1 [5] in diluted solutions and evaluation of change influence on s nithesis processes. 

Polyelectrolytes have been studied extensively because molecular structures can be tailored to allow large conformational changes with pH, temperature, or added electrolytes. Molecular parameters that influence behavior include number, type, and distribution of charged repeat imits on the chain, hydropho-bic/hydrophilic balance, distance of charged moiety from the backbone, and counterion type. Solution properties including phase behavior, hydrodynamic volume, and binding can be altered, offering utilization in flocculation, adhesion, stabilization, compatibilization, viscosification, suspension, etc. 

The influence of several parameters related to the characteristics of the solid materials (e.g., charge, particle size), the polyelectrolyte (e.g., type of charge, charge density, molar mass, hydrophobicity) and the flocculation regime (e.g., order of additimi, pH, imiic strength) are discussed. 

Overall, the researchers concluded that the level and nature of asphaltenes in a sample is due to a series of parameters such as the origin of oil, the flocculating agent, the time used for precipitation, temperature, procedure used and ratio oil / flocculant agent. All these combined parameters not only influence the amount of asphaltene precipitated, but also in its composition, which can be obtained from an asphaltene solid dark brown to a black (Silva, 2003). 

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