Polymer flocculated

Polymer electrolyte Polymer electrolytes Polymer emulsions Polymer flocculation Polymer gasoline... 

There is a very wide range of coagulant and flocculant polymers. 

There are a number of major, international manufacturers of coagulant and flocculant polymers whose primary markets are high-volume users (i.e., cities, states, and national governments). There are also many smaller regional manufacturers who tend to specialize in niche markets and produce various polymer blends (organic polymers blended with various ratios of inorganic coagulants such as ACH, PAC, and alum). These polymer blends are particularly useful in industrial facilities where process contamination and difficult clarification problems may exist. 

Uses Synthesis of dyes flocculants polymers or copolymers (ployacrylamides) as plastics, adhesives, soil conditioning agents sewage and waste treatment ore processing permanent press fabrics. 

The amount of flocculated polymer formed in the emulsion polymerization of 1,4-DVB at approximately 100 % conversion varies with the amount of emulsifier (Na-laurysulfate), the ratio of monomer to water, the initiator concentration (KpS-Op) and temperature "Figure 5". 

Formation of flocculated polymer is most pronounced at low soap concentration and vanishes with a higher soap content. 

Polymer-Induced Flocculation. Polymer-induced flocculation is the most commonly used technique for breaking water-in-oil emulsions in the petroleum industry. This topic will be covered in much more detail in Chapter 9, but will be briefly covered in this section. 

Weakly flocculated systems have been studied by Buscall et al. (165), Heath and Tadros (166), Goodwin et al. (167), Patel and Russel (168, 169), Otsubo (170-172), Buscall et al. (51,173), Woutersen and de Kruif (174), and Nakai et al. (175). The weak flocculation can be obtained by several means, including secondary-minimum flocculation, depletion flocculation, polymer-bridging flocculation, and incipient flocculation. Details of the various mechanisms of interparticle attraction can be found in Russel et al. (27) and Somasundaran and Yu (176). Normally, flocculated systems have a solid volume fraction of no less than 0.2. When 0 < 0.2, an attractive system will settle down quickly. When 0 > 0.2, a flocculated suspension can be maintained easily for a period of time for a steady shear measurement to be completed. 

Figure 9.7 Origin of depletion flocculation. Polymer molecules are excluded from a volume V and an area A between the particles at a separation of H. In this region there is a negative adsorption given by —r,K. As H decreases, the adsorption becomes less negative (i.e. increases) and an attractive force results.

Sperry et al. found that the addition of either the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate or the nonionic surfactant Triton X-405 completely desorbed any hydroxyethyl cellulose from the surface of the latex particles. This meant that, even in the presence of free hydroxyethyl cellulose in the continuous phase, none of the flocculating polymer was attached to the surface. The latex particles in the presence of the sodium dodecyl sulphate (0-5%) were thus electrostatically stabilized whereas the nonionic Triton surfactant conferred steric stabilization. 

Many theories have been developed (involving solitons, excitons, polarons and bipolarons) [17] to explain the conductivity phenomenon under the assumption that the chains of conductive polymers are being arranged and at least somewhat oriented in fibrils. But now, it must be explained why our dispersed (and later flocculated) polymer showed principally the same transport properties as the fibrillar conductive polymers, as can be concluded from conductivity versus temperature and thermopower measurements. 

Depending on the cell separation equipment used, the cell removal can be facilitated by inducing self-flocculation of cells (Stratford, 1989), or by adding flocculation polymers to the fermentation broth. Flocculants are added to create larger particles... 

Additionally, in this filtration process no flocculating polymers at all are needed to the exclusive benefit of the organic coagulant. Velocities are from 10 to 18 m h". ... 

Figure 1.5 Schematic representation of the situation giving rise to depletion flocculation. Polymer molecules are excluded from the space between particles causing an osmotic pressure differential between the excluded region and the continuous phase and giving rise to a net attractive depletion force.

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