Flex fuels

Brazil is the leader in biofuel technology. "Flex-fuel cars" that can also run on biofuels comprise 70% of the new cars in Brazil. In other regions of the world, such as in Hawaii, large (28 million gal/yr) biofuel plants are being built. 

The ethanol concentration in gasoline can vary from 10% (called E10) to 70% and up to 85% (called E85). All automobiles can use E10 fuel, but only the flex-fuel vehicles (6 million cars in the United States, which is 2.4% of the automobile fleet) can run on E85. The flex-fuel car gas tanks are... 

In most cases the ethanol is blended with gasoline. The vast majority of cars and trucks can use a 10% blend with gasoline (E10) in USA. A 22% blend of ethanol with gasoline (E22) is the most sold fuel in Brazil. Flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) are capable of running on variable blends up to 85% bioethanol (E85). However, when using E85 the fuel consumption increases by 20-30% due to differences in energy per unit volume. 

The global demand for ethanol is increasing very quickly. In Brazil, the growth of the internal market is due to the new technology used in flex fuel vehicles (vehicles with the... 

Dual Fuel (or Flex Fuel) Vehicle - A vehicle with an engine capable of operating on two different types of fuels. 

M. Roehr, ed.. The Biotechnology of Ethanol, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001 J. Goettemoeller and A. Goettemoeller, Sustainable Ethanol Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence, Prairie Oak Pub., Maryville, 2007 L. Olsson, Biofuels, Springer, Berlin, 2007 W. Soetaert, E.J. Vandamme, ed.. Biofuels, John Wiley Sons, Chichester, 2009. 

As a direct consequence of success of flex-fuel cars, during 2003—2008, the Brazilian sugarcane industry expanded rapidly New and more efficient mills were commissioned, and a consolidation process was initiated at the same time that positive indicators for the industry s environmental sustainability were demonstrated. However, since 2008, the Brazilian ethanol agroindustry has stagnated, and the expansion process was interrupted. The main reason for this setback is the increasing lack of competitiveness due to government intervention in gasoline prices, a crucial aspect in a consumer market dominated... 

J. R. Blazer and A. M. Sohlo, Effects of Long-Term Flex Fuel Exposure on Flurocarbon Elastomers, SAE Technical Paper 900118,1990. 

United States. A fuel called E85, which is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, is also widely available for cars with flex-fuel engines. The use of pure alcohol as a motor fuel is not feasible in most of the United States because it does not vaporize easily when temperatures are low. However, pure ethanol could be a very practical fuel in warm climates. For example, in Brazil, large quantities of ethanol fuel are being... 

This vehicle comes both with a four-cylinder, 2.5 L, Atkinson-engine, which features an electric traction motor to run the 177 HP motor, or a six-cylinder, 3 L, flex-fuel engine. 

Zetpol 1020 blended with PVC for flex fuel hoses and diaphragms, sulfur or peroxide vulcanization... 

Some of the specialty alloys and blends are also given in Table 3.2 such as Therban XT VP KA 8889 carboxylated HNBR for extreme abrasion resistance and Zetpol PBZ-123, which is a high Acrylonitrile HNBR/PVC blend for flex fuel resistance and low fuel permeation in fuel hose applications. 

Automotive fuels containing legal levels (5%-15%) of alcohols and ethers (methanol, ethanol, MTBE, TAME) Automotive/methanol fuels blends up to 100% methanol (flex fuels) Engine lubricating oils (SE-SF grades)... 

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