Flames pressure

Presser, C., A.K. Gupta, and H. G. Semerjian. 1993. Aerodynamic characteristics of swirl spray flames Pressure-jet atomizer. Combustion Flame 92 25-44. 

Will bum brilliantly in blue flame, pressure-fed kerosene lamps... 

Figure 2, Volume concentration of heavy hydrocarbon molecules and soot at different heights above the burner in an acetylene/oxygen flame. Pressure = 20 mm Hg fuel equivalence ratio = 3.0 cold gas velocity = 50 cm sec.

As regards adjustments, the following factors ii proved combustion and flame clean nozzle, strong swirl, intense symmetrical flame, pressure air atomisation compared to steam), increase of air coefticient and combustion power (having enough residence time though), suitable atomisation viscosity (abt 15-20 cSt). At the optimum adjustments of this combustion system, the mean conibustion results and emission values of typical pyrolysis oils were as follows O2 3 5 vol%, NO 88 mg/MJ, CO 4.6 mg/MJ, hydrocarbons 0.1 mg/MJ, soot 2.4 Bac., and particles 86 ing/MJ. 

EXPLOSION and FIRE CONCERNS extremely flammable gas very dangerous fire hazard NFPA rating (not rated) vapor accumulation could flash and/or explode if in contact with open flame pressurized eontainers may explode if exposed to open flames and elevated temperatures incompatible with strong oxidizers and chlorine dioxide hazardous decomposition products include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam or water fog for fire fighting purposes. 

Part of the apparatus at the Combustion Research Facility, Livermore, USA, in which Raman spectroscopy is used to measure ambient flame pressure. 

Fig. 9. Maximum ion concentrations in various flames. Pressure, 1 atm except as noted.

We have already pointed out that 2 , or possibly C2H", is the first ion formed in hydrocarbon flames ion-molecule reactions produce most of the other ions. When flame pressure is increased from a few Torr to 760 Torr, 2 decreases in concentration and C2H increases. This is accounted for by the exothermic three-body reaction... 

Figure 20-13 Relative linewidths of hollow-cathode emission, atomic absorption, and a monochromator. The linewidth from the hollow cathode is narrowest because gas temperature in the lamp is lower than flame temperature (so there is less Doppler broadening) and the pressure in the lamp is lower than flame pressure (so there is less pressure broadening).

Fig. 10. Chemical reaction flow diagrams for the (a) primary and (b) secondary stages (or zones) in the RDX flame at 17 atm. The spatial extent of the zones is indicated by the distances given in um. We have separately indicated the reaction chemistry of the carbon species, the nitrogen species of the amino group of the RDX ring, and the nitrogen chemistry of nitro group of RDX. A similar reaction flow diagram exists for other flame pressures except that the distances must be scaled. Thick arrows indicate major pathways, while thin arrows indicate minor pathways.

In the second method, the reacted quantity of the mixture at various times was found using pressure records and comparing them with the laminar flame pressure in the same mixture. The flame radius equivalent to the quantity of the reaction products was obtained. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 illustrate the container scheme and the diagram explaining the measurement procedure. The typical Schlieren image of the turbulent flame can be seen in Fig. 3.3. 

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