Flame, flaming

Symbol Exploding bomb Exploding bomb and flame Flame Flame There are no label elements allocated to this hazard category... 

Method Flame Flame Flame Mass Spec. 

Decomposition Flames Flames that are produced hy exothermic decomposition of certain gases in the absence of any oxidant, provided that they are above minimum conditions of pressure, temperature, and pipe diameter. Common examples include acetylene, ethylene oxide, and ethylene. 

Muzzle Flash or Muzzle Flame. Flame that appears at the muzzle of a gun when a projectile leaves the barrel. See Flash Reducing (or Antiflash) Agents, Flash Reduction in Ger Projectiles, and Flash Reduction in Ger Proplnts, Vol 6, F96-L to F99-L... 

Flame-Flame Interactions and Mutual Annihilation of Flame Area.86... 

The "M"-flame case shows a different kind of flame interaction illustrated in Figure 5.2.4 (MF). The "M"-shape comprises two reactive sheets separated by fresh reactants. This gives rise to flame-flame interactions between neighboring branches of the "M"-shape [41]. The case presented corresponds to an equivalence ratio O = 1.13, a mixture flow velocity v/v = 1.13 m/s, a modulation level fixed to v = 0.50m/s, and a modulation frequency/= 150 Hz. The description of the flame motion over a cycle of excitation starts as in the flame-plate interaction. A velocity perturbation is generated at... 

Kadowaki, S. and Hasegawa, T, Numerical simulation of d)mamics of premixed flames Flame instability and vortex-flame interaction. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31, 193-241, 2005. 

One of the most challenging aspects of modeling turbulent combustion is the accurate prediction of finite-rate chemistry effects. In highly turbulent flames, the local transport rates for the removal of combustion radicals and heat may be comparable to or larger than the production rates of radicals and heat from combustion reactions. As a result, the chemistry cannot keep up with the transport and the flame is quenched. To illustrate these finite-rate chemistry effects, we compare temperature measurements in two piloted, partially premixed CH4/air (1/3 by vol.) jet flames with different turbulence levels. Figure 7.2.4 shows scatter plots of temperature as a function of mixture fraction for a fully burning flame (Flame C) and a flame with significant local extinction (Flame F) at a downstream location of xld = 15 [16]. These scatter plots provide a qualitative indication of the probability of local extinction, which is characterized... 

Subsonic low-velocity flame—flame propagates at a speed much lower than sound speed in the combustion products... 

Premixed flames Flame where fuel and air are intimately mixed before ignition occurs. 

Flame arresters are fitted in the vent lines of equipment that contains flammable material to prevent the propagation of flame through the vents. Various types of proprietary flame arresters are used. In general, they work on the principle of providing a heat sink, usually expanded metal grids or plates, to dissipate the heat of the flame. Flame arrestors and their applications are discussed by Rogowski (1980), Howard (1992) and Mendoza et al. (1988). 

Operating personnel are to be located at a distance from the shield that assures their exposure is less than the heat flux determined by the above equation. In addition, the upper torso of an operator s body shall not be subjected to any visible fire or flame. Flame impingement upon the lower portion of the body may be permitted provided that the heat flux specified above is not exceeded. 

A related term is flame speed. Flame speed is the speed with which a flame appears to move relative to a stationary observer. The flame speed can be much larger than the burning velocity due to expansion ofthe combustion products, instability and turbulent deformation ofthe flame. Flame speeds of 30-300 ft/sec (9-90 m/sec) are commonly observed for hydrocarbon-air mixtures. A gas phase detonation occurs when the flame speed exceeds the speed of sound in the burning vapor air mixture. 

When small amounts of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or their salts are introduced into a gaseous flame, flame reactions occur relatively easily at low temperatures.The liberated metal atoms are promoted to excited states and then return to their normal states. Radiation corresponding to the characteristic line spectra of the individual metal atoms is emitted as a result of this energy transition. Colored radiation discernible by the human eye, ranging from red to blue, is dependent on the type of metal atoms, as shown in Table 12AP- i... 

Bright, silvery-white metal face-centered cubic crystal structure (a = 0.5582 nm) at ordinary temperatures, transforming to body-centered cubic form (a= 0.4407) at 430°C density 1.54 g/cm at 20°C hardness 2 Mohs, 17 Brinnel (500 kg load) melts at 851°C vaporizes at 1,482°C electrical resistivity 3.43 and 4.60 microhm-cm at 0° and 20°C, respectively modulus of elasticity 3-4x10 psi mass magnetic susceptibility -i-1.10x10 cgs surface tension 255 dynes/cm brick-red color when introduced to flame (flame test) standard reduction potential E° = -2.87V... 

Hygroscopictty at 31°C and 90% RH 0 10% Ignitibility by flame-flame of match causes burning at point of contact but does continue... 

In atomic spectroscopy, absorption, emission, or fluorescence from gaseous atoms is measured. Liquids may be atomized by a plasma, a furnace, or a flame. Flame temperatures are usually in the range 2 300-3 400 K. The choice of fuel and oxidant determines the temperature of the flame and affects the extent of spectral, chemical, or ionization interference that will be encountered. Temperature instability affects atomization in atomic absorption and has an even larger effect on atomic emission, because the excited-state popula-... 

At present it seems that no proposed mechanism can successfully explain all observations on flames, flame spectra, and the tracer experiments. 

A. Using a sterile pipette asceptically transfer the sample to a dilution bottle, the mouth of which has been flamed. Flame the mouth again and replace cap. 

Panel before, after, Wt. Loss, Wt. Loss, Char Area, Volume, Face Flame, Flame Out, Flame Out,... 

In flame spread tests, the specimen is ignited at the hot end by a nonimpinging premixed acetylene-air pilot flame. Flame spread rate over the surface is then monitored as a function of distance x. Thus, one experiment yields information on flame spread rate over a whole range of heat flux levels (or surface temperatures). Information to this extent can be obtained in one run owing to the particular shape of the flux invariant, which is the result of the specific geometry and specimen-panel arrangement shown in Figure 14.7. 

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