Fittings, and Piping Details

The various items of equipment in the production facility are connected hy valves, fittings, and piping to enable and control flow from one piece of equipment to another. Chapter 9 of Volume 1 discusses factors governing the choice of line size and wall thickness. This chapter describes the various types of valves and fittings commonly used in production facilities and presents some common piping details and specifications. 

The specific piping details used in a project are normally contained in a company pipe, valve, and fittings specification, which addresses the following subjects  

Material requirements for pipe, flanges, fittings, bolts, nuts, and gaskets. 

Material and construction for each valve used in the piping. 

Pipe schedule and end connection for each service and pressure rating. 

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Nolte (1978) gives detailed methods for the selection of economic pipe diameters, taking into account all the factors involved. He gives equations for liquids, gases, steam and two-phase systems. He includes in his method an allowance for the pressure drop due to fittings and valves, which was neglected in the development of equation 5.12, and by most other authors. 

The Italian association for plastics processors, Unionplast, has been collecting figures for many years with the aim of devising a feasible recovery and recycling system for end-of-life plastic products, and has carried out a market survey specifically regarding PVC pipes and pipe-fittings. This article provides details of the association s findings. UNIONPLAST... 

Type 304 and 316 stainless steel are used in the high-pressure pipes and pipe fittings in RO plants. The 300 series SS are also sensitive to chlorides at a pH of 6.5—8 and at temperatures below 60°C. Type 316 SS tolerates chlorides up to 1000 ppm, but concentrations can reach 26,000 ppm in dry zones (for MgCl2), resulting in failure. In seawater RO desahnation plants, duplex (2205) or super-duplex (2507) steels are used instead of 316 SS. The compositions of these steels are detailed below [25] ... 

Process control systems and instrumentation can be described in several ways. Flowsheets show the process equipment, instruments, and control systems, as well as interconnections, such as piping and electrical and pneumatic transmission lines. More detailed flowsheets are referred to as piping and instrumentation diagrams (P IDs), They include additional information, such as valve characteristics, piping details (e.g., pipe sizes and fittings), and miscellaneous information, such as drains, vents, and samphng fines. Both types of diagrams are widely used in the process industries. 

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