Fish production model

Fennel, W., 2007. Towards bridging biogeochemical and fish production models. Journal of Marine Systems, doi 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.06.008. 

Shevchenko, V. V. (1977). Study of the efficient fishing of the North Sea haddock population using a production model (In Russian). Trudy VNIRO121,93-99. 

The predominance of phytoplankton-derived carbon in diets of many fish species, despite its small contribution to floodplain production, can be explained by the selective consumption of algae. However, Bayley (1989) argued that phytoplankton production was too low to contribute significantly to regional fish production. He based his argument on a food chain with three trophic levels (phytoplankton—zooplankton— fish), and assumed a 10% transfer efficiency between trophic levels. This model is inappropriate for detritivorous and herbivorous fish which consume plant materials directly. A model with two trophic levels would be more appropriate and would indicate a higher potential contribution to... 

The different studies investigating the properties of grape by-products carried out in fish musele models are summarized in Table 1. 

The various studies, investigating the properties of the pomegranate by-products, carried out in fish muscle models, are summarized in Table 2. 

Jeppesen VF, Huss HH (1993) Antagonistic activity of two strains oflactic acid bacteria against Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica in a model fish product at 5 degrees C. Int J Food Microbiol 19 179-186 Johnson M, Steele J (2007) Fermented dairy products. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (eds) Food microbiology—fundamentals and frontiers, 3rd edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 767-782... 

Food and water ingestion (dietary exposition). To assess the dietary exposure, ingestion rates of the different food products and water are needed. Multimedia fate models or food sampling campaigns are the main ways to determine the concentration of substances in food products and water at the specific scenario. These models consider cattle, meat, milk, fish, crops, and drinking water, among others. 

Consumption of fish oil in excess can generate immunotoxic effects in laboratory animals. Rats fed a 17% fish oil diet had reduced wound-healing responses when compared to com oil [59], In a mouse model of bacterial resistance to S. typhimurium, lower survival rates were reported for those animals that ingested a 20% fish oil diet over 15 days [59], Similar fish oil-induced effects in guinea pigs were noted in a study of experimental tuberculosis leading the authors to conclude that this treatment resulted in decreased resistance to infectious disease. The consumption of fish oil has also been reported to result in alterations of hemostatic parameters such as platelet production and function. However, there is no indication that at doses normally consumed by humans, immunotoxicity will occur. 

The environmental impact of a new product needs to be assessed before it can be released for general use. Chemicals released into the environment can enter the food chain and be concentrated in plants and animals. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly sensitive, in this respect, since chemicals, when applied to agricultural land, can be transported in the ground water to rivers and then to the lakes, where they can accumulate in fish and plant life. The ecokinetic model presented here is based on a simple compartmental analysis and is based on laboratory ecosystem studies (Blau et ah, 1975). The model is useful in simulating the results of events, such as the accidental spillage of an agrochemical into a pond, where it is not ethical to perform actual experimental studies. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Because of the rapid hydrolysis of HDI in water and the ease with which this substance is metabolized in higher trophic animals (see Section 2.3), it is not expected that this substance will bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, or bioaccumulate in the food chain. Neither TDI and MDl, nor their diamine hydrolysis products, TDA and MDA, have been found to bioaccumulate in fish (Cyprinus carpio) in river model studies (International Isocyanate Institute 1990). No information on BCFs and food chain bioaccmnulation could be foimd for HDI in the available literature however, a BCF of approximately 100 was calculated using the method of Veith et al. (1979), which indicates a very low bioaccumulation potential for HDI. Further studies on the bioaccumulation of HDI do not appear to be warranted. 

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