Film development developer replenishment

Silver is most commonly recovered by electrolysis or metallic replacement from the processing solutions or by ion exchange (qv) from the wash water (123). Loss of chemicals from one tank into the next has been minimized. The color paper process has progressed from five chemical solutions, three washes, and a replenishment rate of 75 lL/cm (70 mL/ft ) of film for each of the five solutions to two chemical solutions, one wash, and replenishment rates of 15 lL/cm (16 mL/ft ) and 5 lL/cm (5 mL/ft ). For color negative films, developer replenishment has dropped from over 300 to 43 lL/cm (40 mL/ft ). Regeneration of the now reduced overflow has decreased chemical discharge by as much as 55% (124). 

The most effective antiozonants are the substituted PPDs. Their mechanism of protection against ozone is based on the scavenger-protective film mechanism [68-70]. The reaction of ozone with the antiozonant is much faster than the reaction with the C=C bond of the rubber on the rubber surface [56]. The rubber is protected from the ozone attack tUl the surface antiozonant is depleted. As the antiozonant is continuously consumed through its reaction with ozone at the mbber surface, diffusion of the antiozonant from the inner parts to the surface replenishes the surface concentration to provide the continuous protection against ozone. A thin flexible film developed from the antiozonant/ozone reaction products on the mbber surface also offers protection. 

NY) and kept at 4°C in the dark until developed. The time of exposure varied between 12 days and one month. The films were developed in Kodak X-ray Developer-Replenisher ( 146-5327) and fixed in Kodak Rapid Fix ( 146-4106). Selected areas on the TLC plates directly under the spots on the films were eluted from the silica gel and tested in the anti-Thy-1 PFC assay. 

Add 20.0 ml of replenisher for each 802 inches film developed. Maintain the original volume of the developer, discarding some used developer if necessary in order to add the necessary amount of replenisher. No increase in original developing time is necessary. 

For Kodak D-25 45.0ml of replenisher should be added for each 802 inches of film, for the first 12 rolls per liter. For the next 12 rolls per liter, add only 22.0ml per roll. Discard the developer after 20 rolls have been processed. 

For every 802 inches of film processed add 15.0ml of undiluted replenisher and pour off any excess in order to maintain the initial volume. No increase in original developing time is necessary when replenisher is used. 

Use this replenisher undiluted. After each 802 inches of film add 25.0 ml of replenisher. The total volume of replenisher added should not exceed the original volume of the developer. 

The volume of the first developer needs to be kept constant by adding Kodak D-67R. Replenish the first developer with 18.5 ml per 802 inches. If only one roll of film is developed it is possible that less than 18.5 ml will be missing from the total volume. If this is the case then remove as much as necessary to reduce the volume by 18.5 ml and then add the replenisher. 

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