Film crystallinity, thin films

The growth of a well ordered fullerene monolayer, by means of molecular beam epitaxy, has been used for the controlled nucleation of single crystalline thin films. The quality and stability of molecular thin films has been shown... 

Chemical solution deposition (CSD) procedures have been widely used for the production of both amorphous and crystalline thin films for more than 20 years.1 Both colloidal (particulate) and polymeric-based processes have been developed. Numerous advances have been demonstrated in understanding solution chemistry, film formation behavior, and for crystalline films, phase transformation mechanisms during thermal processing. Several excellent review articles regarding CSD have been published, and the reader is referred to Refs. 5-12 for additional information on the topic. Recently, modeling of phase transformation behavior for control of thin-film microstructure has also been considered, as manipulation of film orientation and microstructure for various applications has grown in interest.13-15... 

As with piezoelectric materials, ferroelectric materials have a variety of applications and have been intensively investigated. Again, textured crystalline thin films are likely to be needed, which implies that microstructure control is again an issue. Screening and measurement approaches are straightforward. 

As an example, result from a test sample is presented in Figure 6. A nano-crystalline thin film sample was prepared by vacuum evaporation of 100 A NiO and 100 A Al. The thicknesses were controlled by quartz thickness measurement. The proportion of phases was also checked by EDS. TEM BF and DF pictures show that the grain size of NiO is around 4 nm. 

Pure, crystalline, thin films of magnetite (111) can be grown on AI2O3 (001) or MgO(OOOl) substrates by oxygen plasma assisted, molecular beam epitaxy the substrate temperature should not exceed 250 °C in order to avoid interfacial reactions and diffusion of Mg in the magnetite structure (Kim et al., 1997). 

The rather low critical current densities expected in bulk samples of these granular superconductor materials (103)(104), and their relatively low magnetic critical fields (50)(78)(105)(106), allied with the relatively low Tc s observed would appear to hinder development of superconducting applications for these materials. Even the critical current of 5 X 105 A/cm2 observed for single crystalline thin films (39) is now considered low for a superconductor at 4.2K. However, when considering the applicability of a material to a task,... 

To investigate conditions in which unusual luminescence appears, we did comparison with spectra obtained on C6o benzene solution, C60 single crystal, two kinds of crystalline thin films on mica and silicon substrates (Fig. 4). They clearly showed, that the unusual luminescence presents only in FWS. 

All the substituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles (5) with long alkyl side-chains form highly crystalline thin films on vacuum deposition. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the thin films, deposited at respective optimum substrate temperatures, give sharp and intense crystalline diffraction peaks (Fig. 4.13). Table 4.2 summarizes the XRD data and extracted interlayer distances of molecular orders of indolo[3,2-h]carbazoles in crystalline thin films. Only 5e, which has no long alkyl chain, has broad XRD diffraction peaks indicative of its amorphous nature. These results... 

The effect of alloying elements on K for Fe-based crystalline thin films has been reviewed by Hayashi et al. [37], It was summarized that K = 0 is expected in Fe-Ga-Si, Fe-Al-Ge, Fe-Co-Ga-Si and Fe-Co-Al-Ge, along with classical Fe-Ni and Fe-Al-Si. Consequently, the addition of Al, Si, Ga and Ge to Fe-based magnetic nanostructures may result in a further reduction of . However, a substantial amount of these additives is accompanied by a serious decrease in the saturation magnetization [38], making the Fe-based soft magnetic nanostructures featureless from the viewpoint of technological applications. 

This chapter has not been organized historically to trace research that has culminated world-wide in the introduction of high-k dielectrics into commercial advanced semiconductor devices, but instead is organized to describe the experiments and theory that underpin the importance of J-T effects in nano-crystalline thin film TM oxides, most importantly in the intrinsic bonding defects that limit device performance and reliability [1]. 

Fig. 13 OK edge XAS spectra for empty conduction band states of two nano-crystalline thin films (a) 4 nm m-Hf02, and (b) 6 nm m-Hf02...

As the cost of the silicon wafer is about half the final cost of the solar cell module, the use of crystalline thin film on non-silicon low-cost substrate is of great interest. The main issues are the compatibility of the substrate with... 

Zhao C, MacFarlane DR, Bond AM (2009) Modified Thermodynamics in ionic liquids for controlled electrocrystaUization of nanocubes, nanowires, and crystalline thin films of silver-tetracyanoquinodimethane. J Am Chem Soc 131 16195-16205... 

Growth of crystalline thin films is a rich subject with many different facets and theoretical approaches [12-15]. Here we only address some important aspects which are relevant for organic thin film growth [16], particularly the interface formation in the first monolayer and the different growth modes of organic molecules (see Figure 9.3). 

We note further, that the reduction of dewetting and islanding enables in case of the SAM-modified Au substrates in particular the preparation of crystalline thin films of well defined thickness on single crystalline metal surfaces which permits the use of tunnelling spectroscopic measurements to study charge transport properties as described in the next section. 

Polymerization of reactive monomeric liquid crystals is one method for stabilizing the liquid-crystalline thin films. Another approach is to form chemical gels of liquid crystal molecules with low molecular weight by construction of a polymer network. This method has been investigated for the stabilization of ferroelectric liquid crystal displays. Guymon et al. reported that a polymer network produced by photochemical cross-linking accumu-... 

R. Brendel, Crystalline thin-film silicon solar cells from layer-transfer processes are-view, Proc. 10th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Materials and Processes, 117-125 (2000). 

Kuzmenko, I., Rapaport, H., Kjaer, K., Als-Nielsen, J., Weissbuch, L, Lahav, M., Leiserowitz L Design and characterization of crystalline thin film architectures at the air-Uquid intreface simplicity to complexity, Chem. Rev. 101 (2001) 1659-1696. 

As with pentacenes, silylethynylated anthradithiophene derivatives (9e-9g) (Figure 3.1.4) with substituents on the central aromatic ring have also been synthesized. [92] OTFTs fabricated with the trimethyl (9e) and triisopropyl (9g) derivatives showed negligible transistor characteristics while those with triethyl derivative (9f) deposited by solution gave a mobility of 1.0 cm V- s" with on/off ratio of 10 . The excellent performance of 9f was attributed to the enhanced Jt-orbital overlap observed in its crystalline thin-film structure. 

Zhao S., Sin J. K. O., Xu B., Zhao M., Peng Z., and Cai H., A high performance ethanol sensor based on field-effect transistor using a LaEeOj nano-crystalline thin-film as a gate electrode, Sens. Actuators B, 64, 83-87, 2000. 

These ions undergo only weak perturbations upon adsorption. Thus, it can be difficult to discriminate species in solution, or in the diffuse doublelayer, from ions at the electrode surface [54]. Better selectivity for adsorbed electrolyte anions has been achieved through use of the surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) technique [22, 54, 89, 90]. Methods for the preparation of quasi-single crystalline thin films are enabling the study of electrolyte adsorption on structurally well-defined surface sites by SEIRAS [22, 89,... 

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