Film acid analysis, experimental

Acid-catalyzed photoresist films acid diffusion, 35 acid generation, 303233/341 advantages, 28 catalytic chain length, 3435r development of classes of cationic photoinitiators, 28 experimental procedure, 35-36 generation mechanism from irradiation of triphenylsulfonium salts, 28-29 merocyanine dye method for acid analysis, 30,31/33/... 

Finally, we consider the effect of interfacial turbulences, which are due to mass transfer across the phase boundaries, on the stability of emulsion films. Experimentally, the diffusion transfer of alcohols, acetic acid, and acetone has been studied [549,550]. The observed destabilization of the films can be attributed to the appearance of Marangoni instability [494]. The latter manifests itself through the growth of capillary waves at the interfaces, which eventually can lead to film rupture. Lin and Brenner [521] examined the role of the heat and maSs transfer in an attempt to check the hypothesis of Holly [551] that the Marangoni instability can cause the rupture of tear films. Their analysis was extended by Castillo and Velarde [552], who accounted for the tight coupling of the heat and mass transfers and showed that it drastically reduces the threshold for Marangoni convection. 

The experimental procedures and x-ray photoemission results for the preparation of ultrathin (d = 1.1 nm) polyimide films on polycrystalline silver by co-condensation of PMDA and ODA are described elsewhere [5]. In that work our XPS results suggested that the polyimide chains bond to the silver surface via a carboxylate type bonding. This conclusion was derived from an analysis of the results obtained for the interaction of the monomers (PMDA and ODA) and of the resulting ultra-thin polyimide film. Due to the relatively larger thickness of the polyamic acid films as compared to the monomer adsorbate phases and the polyimide film, no conclusions were possible about the reaction of the polyamic acid with the silver substrate. 

Spiral woimd module of 1 m effective separation area of thin film composite (TFC) Polyamide RO membrane was fabricated with the help of Permion-ics Membranes Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara, India, /w-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) obtained from AVRA Synthesis Pvt. Ltd (Hyderabad, India) were used without further purification. Piperazine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Groimd water samples collected from two different places of Andhra Pradesh (A.P.), India was used for experimental trials. Potassium dichromate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, mercuric sulfate, sulfuric acid, ferroin indicator for COD analysis, sodium thiosulfate, Wrinkler s reagent, MnSO, potassimn iodide, starch indicator for BOD analysis, citric acid, HCl, EDTA, NaOH, and sodium metabisulphite (SMBS) for washing the membranes were purchased from SD Fine Chemicals Ltd., Mumbai, India. Deionized water for cleaning and feed preparation was generated from the same RO system. BOD incubator (RCI-S.NO-313 India), COD incubator... 

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