Filling limits

Since more than 99.99% of filled cans would be within four standard deviation units of a normal distribution, four standard deviation units appear to be an acceptable target for fill-weight variations. The concentrate filler should exhibit a relative standard deviation of less than 2.0%, one-fourth of the 8.0% upper and lower limits of the concentrate fill. Figure 8 depicts an example of concentrate fill target of 3.89 g and specification of +0.23 g (5.9%). The propellant fill should have a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 1.5%, one-fourth of the 5.9% limit. Tightening either the propellant or concentrate filler will allow loosening of the second fill limits while maintaining the same specifications of the final product. 

If the traps are deep, an analytical expression for J cannot be obtained. However numerical solutions can be obtained easily [38], In this case most of the injected carriers remain trapped and the current by injection remains small until all the traps are filled. As the traps are nearly filled the SCLC begins to flow. It increases rapidly and as the trap-filled limit is reached, it follows the trap-free V2 law. In this case trap-filled limit voltage Vtel and Vq are equal. Recent work [41] on the approach to trap-filled limit will be discussed later. 

S.C. Jain, A.K. Kapoor, W. Geens, J. Poortmans, R. Mertens, M. Willander, Trap filled limit of conducting organic materials, J. Appl. Phys. 92 (2002) 3752-3754. 

Figure 65 Unipolar (electron) current vs. electric field for a 0.1 cm-thick naphthalene single crystal provided with silver electrodes. Several different regimes can be distinguished (i) the low-field linear increase of the current (Ohmic regime) (ii) the SCLC in the presence of shallow traps (AE < kT) (iii) the trap-filled limit at FTFl and (iv) the SCLC with filled traps (no trapping). Adapted from Ref. 350a.

Figure 147 The relative cascade-like pattern of the increase of triplet exciton monomolecular decay rate constant (/ = t 1) as a function of charge-injecting voltage in anthracene crystal. Consecutive trap-filled limits are indicated by C/TFL (1), /TFL(2) and C/TFL (3). Dotted line indicates the averaged (linear) dependence of A/ // 0 as resulted from the standard interpretation assuming a continuous increase in the charge density proportional to the injecting voltage [334]. Adapted from Ref. 240.

Acyclovir Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, minimum fill, limit of guanine, and assay Tight containers store between 15 and 25 °C in a dry place... 

In practice, the trap-filled limit is difficult to observe as it is often preceded by electrical breakdown of the sample. The transition from the linear to square law (Child s Law) dependence of current on voltage is usually not sharply defined. Thus samples may display an intermediate power law over a considerable voltage range. This, and the uncertainty of the trapping factor, render the measurement of current-voltage characteristics unsuitable for tire determination of carrier mobility. 

Stir the mixture for 30 minutes, maintaining the temperature at 55°-60°C, then commence tilling into molds at filling limits 1.581-1.679 g. 

The above criteria for establishing fill Umits and the specific fill limits for the uranium hexafluoride cylinders most commonly used throughout the world are specified in Ref. [10], Fill limits for any other uranium hexafluoride cylinder should be established using these criteria and, for any cylinder requiring competent authority approval, the analysis establishing the fill limit and the value of the fill limit should be included in the safety documentation submitted to the competent authority. A safe fill limit should accommodate the internal volume of the uranium hexafluoride when in heated, liquid form, and, in addition, an allowance for ullage (i.e. the gas volume) above the liquid in the container should be provided. 

Uranium hexafluoride exhibits a significant expansion when undergoing the phase change from solid to liquid. The uranium hexafluoride expands from a solid at 20°C to a liquid at 64°C by 47% (from 0.19 cm /g to 0.28 cm /g). In addition, the liquid uranium hexafluoride will expand an additional 10% based on the solid volume (from 0.28 cm /g at the triple point to 0.3 cm /g) when heated from 64 to 113°C. As a result, an additional substantial increase in volume of the uranium hexafluoride between the minimum fill temperature and the higher temperatures can occur. Therefore, extreme care should be taken by the designer and the operator at the facility where uranium hexafluoride cylinders are filled to ensure that the safe fill limit for the cylinder is not exceeded. This is especially important since, if care is not taken, the quantity of material which can be added to a cylinder could greatly exceed the safe fill limit at the temperature where uranium hexafluoride is normally transferred into cylinders (e.g. at temperatures of about 71°C). For example, a 3964 L cylinder, with... 

The maximum filling limits at 70 F (21.1 °C) for compressed air are the authorized service pressures marked on the cylinders. Authorized cylinders meeting special requirements may be filled to a limit of up to 110 percent of their marked service pressures. See 49 CFR 173.302 (c) [6]. 

For gaseous argon, the maximum filling limits authorized are as follows Cylinders and tube trailers may be filled to the authorized service pressure marked on the cylinder or tube assemblies at 70°F (2LUC). Cylinders of specifications 3A, 3AA, 3AX, 3AAX, and 3T that meet special requirements may be filled up to 10 percent in excess of their marked service pressures. See 49 CFR 173.302 (c) [2]. Tube tank cars (uninsulated cars of the TC/DOT 107A type) are authorized to be filled to not more than seven-tenths of the marked test pressure at 130°F (54.44°C). 

For liquid argon, the maximum filling limits authorized are specification TC/DOT 4L cylinders are authorized for the transportation of liquid argon when carried in the vertical position. The filling density must be in accordance with Table 3. 

The maximum filling limit at 70°F (21.1°C) permitted for boron trifluoride is the service pressure of the container. 

The maximum filling limits authorized for inhibited butadiene are as follows ... 

In other authorized containers—filling limits as with liquefied petroleum gas these maximum filling densities are prescribed according to the specific gravity of the liquid material at 60°F (15.6°C) in a detailed table that are part of DOT regulations. Producers and suppliers who charge inhibited 1,3-butadiene containers other than cylinders should consult these tables in the current regulations [6, 9]. 

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