FIGURE 1. NOMOGRAM

You can use a nomogram to estimate the boiling points of a substance at a particular pressure. For example, the boiling point of 4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride is 173°C/14mm. Thus to find out what the boiling point of this compoimd will be at 760 mm (atmospheric), draw a point on curve A (pressure) at 14mm (this is shown in 

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Multiple calculations and comparisons with the experiment allowed arranging the unified averaged figure-nomogram of degree of structural interaction and solubility (p) dependence upon coefficient a [2],... 

Figure C2.16.1. A nomogram comparing electrical resistivity of pure (intrinsic) and doped Si witli metals and insulators.

This is a very useful nomogram to determine the performance of a motor with the help of only no-load and short-circuit test results. In slip-ring motors, it also helps to determine the external resistance required in the rotor circuit to control the speed of the motor and achieve the desired operating performance. Slip-ring motors are discussed in Chapter 5. The concept behind this nomogram is that the locus of the rotor and the stator currents is a circle. Consider the equivalent circuit of an induction motor as shown in Figure 1.15, where... 

Refer 10 Figure 22.18 giving the nomograms tor more widely used metals 10 deiermine the size of conductor A in terms of duration of fault. 

Figure 22.18 Nomogram for conductor sizing at 40°C ambient temperature...

Nomograms Figure 28.6(a)-(d) have also been drawn based on equation (28.1). From these nomograms the minimum conductor size can be extrapolated that would be necessary to sustain a given fault level. 

Similarly an estimate of the boiling points of liquids at reduced pressure can be obtained using a nomogram (see Figure 1). 

The nomograms, Figure 7-63A through D, are based on an operating pressure of 1 bar (absolute), but may be used without correction up to 1.2 bar absolute [54], There is insufficient pressure data available to recommend using much above normal pressure. MTien the operating pressure is raised above normal, the reduced explosion pressure will show a proportional increase for a... 

The effects of turbulence must be taken into account when sizing a relief area. For example, the explosion violence of turbulent methane-air mixture is comparable to that of zero turbulence of hydrogen-air mi.xtures. From the investigations [54], the nomograms from Figure 7-63 can be applied for turbulent gas mixtures under the following conditions [54] ... 

Figure 8-17 presents a convenient and acceptably accurate nomogram of Smoker s [66]. 

Figure 8-24B. Chart for reflux vs. trays. Use this nomogram for Gilliland s calculations for number of theoretical plates/trays. Used by permission, Mapstone, G.E., Hydrocarbon Processing, V. 47 No. 5 (1968), p. 169, Gulf Publishing Co., all rights reserved.

FIGrURE 6 (below)—In order to use this nomogram for turbulence correction factor for horizontal niultitube banks, first evaluate by using Figure 3 to End Us and then Equation (33) to solve for Ni. 

Figure 4-143. Bit nozzle selection nomogram [47]. (Courtesy Harcourt Brace Co.)...

Reed (1966) produced the nomogram of Figure 5.8 for spatial resolution (d) as a function of density, incident electron energy and critical excitation energy. In the diagram, the case for iron (EC = 1A keY, p = 7) gives an estimated value of d at 20 keY of 0.8 pm, so the resolution for quantitative analysis is approximately 2.4 pm. 

Figure 5.8. Nomogram for spatial resolution (d), in pm, as a function of density (p), in g/cm3, incident electron energy (E0) and critical excitation energy (Ec), both in keV. The case for 20 keV electrons in...

Figure 9-9 Nomograph for sizing two-phase reactor reliefs. Source H. K. Fauske, Generalized Vent Sizing Nomogram for Runaway Chemical Reactions, Plant/Operations Progress (1984), 3(4). Used by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

FIGURE 13.1 A nomogram for determination of the body surface area of children. (Source Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Edition, p. 226.)... 

Figure 27.1, represents the nomogram from which the unextracted fraction for various values of V2/Vj and K may be obtained. 

Figure 27.1 A nomogram to calculate the fraction not extracted after a ...

Figure 3.11 Nomogram for calculation of maximum production rate as a fimction of superficial velocity, bed height and air inlet temperature. From De Michelis and Calvelo (1985), by permission of the Institute of Food Technologists, USA.

The complete Knudsen equation (1.26) will have to be used in the transitional area 10 2 < d p < 6 10 mbar cm. Conductance values for straight pipes of standard nominal diameters are shown in Figure 9.5 (laminar flow) and Figure 9.6 (molecular flow) in Chapter 9. Additional nomograms for conductance determination will also be found in Chapter 9 (Figures 9.8 and 9.9). 

Pgnd p = 3 lO mbar. From these figures the corresponding time constants in the nomogram can be determined from there, the pump-down time tp can be found by calculating the pressure reduction R on the left side of column 5. The result is curve c in Fig. 2.77. 

Equation (3) is ideally suited for the construction of a nomogram which could be used for calculating the throughput of a radiation processing plant under any operating conditions likely to be encountered. Figure 4 demonstrates what such a nomogram would look like. To use this one must first experimentally determine So. Then the values for So/ei are obtained from Fig. 4a. So/S, the reduction factor, is then chosen, and,... 

Figure 6. Nomogram of K (s2pk,) values for PET fibers in the hypothetical ideal case where an isotropic disorder exists in the crystalline fraction of those fibers and calculated for the chemical composition (C,<,OtHs)a and s = 0.1...

Figure 4.11 Nomogram summarizing the screw characteristic curves described in eqn. (4.38).

Figure 2.1 Nomogram relating pK values of acids to percentage ionization at various solutions pH values. (Reprinted from Ref. 17 with permission.)...

In aqueous solution, organic acids and bases exist in equilibrium mixtures in their neutral and ionic forms. Because the neutral and ionic forms will not have the same partition coefficient, the amount extracted depends on the acid-base equilibrium. For an efficient extraction, the analyte should be at least 95% in the extracable form. This would usually mean either as its free acid or free base. Figure 2.1 is a nomogram relating pK values to percentage of ionization at various pH values [21]. In most cases, pH adjustment of the sample to pH = pK — 2 for acidic compounds or pH = pK + 2 for basic compounds is sufficient. 

FIGURE 26 Nomogram of the dimensionless alignment parameter A > as a function of laser intensity, field strength, and polarizability anisotropy. [Reproduced with permission from Freidrich, B., and Herschbach, D. R. (1995). J. Phys. Chem. 99,15686. Copyright American Chemical Society.]... 

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