FIDA

The CHF in high-quality annular flow uses a liquid film dryout model, i.e., the concept of liquid film dryout (zero film flow rate) in annular flow. Sugawara (1990) reported an analytical prediction of CHF using FIDAS computer code based on a three-fluid and film dryout model. 

Sudo, Y., T. Usui, and M. Kaminaga, 1991, Experimental Study of Falling Water Limitation under a Counter-current Flow in a Vertical Rectangular Channel, JSMEInt. J. Ser. H 34 169-174. (5) Sugawara, S., 1990, Analytical Prediction of CHF by FIDAS Code Based on Three-Fluid and Film-Dryout Model, J. Nuclear Sci. Technol. 27. 12 29. (5)... 

Soto, G. 2003. Agricultura Orgdnica una herramienta para el desarrollo rural sostenible y la reduccion de lapobreza. FIDA/RUTA/CATIE/FAO, Turrialba. 

Thus, the Fourier transform of the sum of two pure signals is just the sum of the Fourier transforms of the individual signals. The first term above (using FIDa(0) will be nonzero only when the test frequency v is at or near va (the frequency of FIDa), and the second term will only be nonzero only when the test frequency v is at or near v/, (the frequency of FID/,). This is how the Fourier transform pulls apart the individual frequencies that are all mixed up in the time-domain data (the FID). 

Fluorescence-based detection methods are the most commonly used readouts for HTS as these readouts are sensitive, usually homogeneous and can be readily miniaturised, even down to the single molecule level.7,8 Fluorescent signals can be detected by methods such as fluorescence intensity (FI), fluorescence polarisation (FP) or anisotropy (FA), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) and fluorescence intensity life time (FLIM). Confocal single molecule techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and one- or two-dimensional fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (ID FID A, 2D FIDA) have been reported but are not commonly used. 

Maurice DM (1989) In Saetlone MS, Bucci G, Speiser P (eds), Fida research series. Liv-iana Press, Padova, vol 2... 

Due to the use of a confocal volume, FCS is particularly suited for miniaturization in HTS and relatively insensitive to auto fluorescent test compounds. Moreover, in compound testing, the small path length of the confocal volume greatly limits any filter effects on fluorescence intensity. As in FP, the requirement for large differences in mass in the assay design is a limitation to the applicability of FCS. However, it can be overcome by methods like Fluorescence Intensity Distribution Analysis (FIDA) or two-colour cross correlation derived from the original FCS concept. 

Reviews listed in Further Reading provide excellent introductions to PCS. Related techniques have been developed to detect other molecular properties. These properties include fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) (28) to detect codiffusing fluorophores and photon-counting histograms (PCH) (29), or fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA) (29) to distinguish fluorescent species according to their brightness. 

GPCRs FP, FIDA, thermal melt FLIPR -like, reporter gene, aequorin, TR-FRET, AlphaScreen , EFC Transfluor P-arrestin redistribution... 

The PCH/FIDA technique can be extended for two-dimensional histograms of the intensity recorded by two detectors in different wavelength intervals or under different polarisation. 2D-FIDA delivers a substantially improved resolution of different fluorophores [257, 258]. Further improvement is achieved by using... 

FID A, 2D-FIDA and FILDA do not directly deliver information about the diffusion times of the fluoreseent species. Diffusion times are, however, obtained by calculating the PCHs in different sampling time intervals and fitting the result by a model that contains both the moleeular brightness and the diffusion time [258]. 

---