Ferries

Early years were a kind of random walk around macromolecules. 

The glass transition work was preceded by a study of ultrafiltration of proteins with W. J. Elford in London and was followed by a year with D. Spence, a rubber chemist who had been co-originator of accelerators in vulcanization. We groped with cross-linking and molecular scission of natural rubber by unusual reagents before these processes were clearly understood. Thereafter, back to proteins 

It was these studies of the complex dielectric constant as a function of frequency which led to the search for euialogous methods of studying viscoelasticity hy measuring a complex viscosity or elastic modulus. The first success was observation of shear wave propagation in polymer solutions . The only theoretical treatment of wave propagation which could he found as a clue to analysis of the measurements was in a geophysical journal. From the wave propagation the complex shear modulus and its frequency dependence could be derived. 

At the University of Wisconsin since 19 6, studies of viscoelasticity have evolved from concentrated polymer solutions to undiluted amorphous polymers, dilute solutions, lightly cross-linked rubbers, glassy polymers, blends of different molecular weights, copolymers, cross-linked rubbers with controlled network structures, and so forth. It became evident that each type of system required a different approach. Moreover, in amorphous polymers, the terminal, plateau, and transition zones had to be described separately. Both dynamic (sinusoidal) and transient measurements such as creep and stress relaxation have been utilized. The inderlying theme of this work is the relation of macromolecTilar dynamics—modes of motion of polymer molecules— to mechanical and other physical properties. 

Development of new experimental methods has been essential to the progress of these studies, and has been largely due to my collaborators, especially the three physicists with whom I have been associated E. R. Fitzgerald, M, H. Birnboim, and J. L. Schra . 

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Figure C2.1.15. Schematic representation of tire typicai compiiance of a poiymer as a function of temperature. (C) VOGEL-FULCHER AND WILLIAMS-LANDEL-FERRY EQUATIONS...

Ferry J D 1980 Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers (New York Wiley)... 

It is worth noting here that the results of some other studies of aromatie substitutions, sueh as the Friedel-Crafts benzylation and iso-propylation of alkylbenzenes, and the bromination of alkylbenzenes with bromine, eatalysed by ferrie ehloride, are under suspicion as depending upon slow mixing. As regards halogenation eatalysed by Lewis aeids, positive evidenee to support this eritieism has been obtained. ... 

Ferry, J. D., Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1980. 

In principle, the relaxation spectrum H(r) describes the distribution of relaxation times which characterizes a sample. If such a distribution function can be determined from one type of deformation experiment, it can be used to evaluate the modulus or compliance in experiments involving other modes of deformation. In this sense it embodies the key features of the viscoelastic response of a spectrum. Methods for finding a function H(r) which is compatible with experimental results are discussed in Ferry s Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. In Sec. 3.12 we shall see how a molecular model for viscoelasticity can be used as a source of information concerning the relaxation spectrum. 

Akcros Chemicals Inc., Dobbs Ferry, N.Y. Atochem North America, Philadelphia, Pa. 

The Arrhenius equation holds for many solutions and for polymer melts well above their glass-transition temperatures. For polymers closer to their T and for concentrated polymer and oligomer solutions, the WiUiams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation (24) works better (25,26). With a proper choice of reference temperature T, the ratio of the viscosity to the viscosity at the reference temperature can be expressed as a single universal equation (eq. 8) ... 

Variety and source Si02 (siHca ) FeO (ferrou s oxide) 3 (ferri c oxide ) AI2O3 (alumina) MgO (magnesia) CaO (lime ) MnO (manganese oxide) Na20 (sodiu m oxide) icp (potassiu m oxide) up, adsoibe d up+, combine d... 

Sulfur-coated urea is produced ki North America by a number of suppHers including ICl Canada (Courtright, Ontario), Lesco, Inc. (Martins Ferry, Ohio), PurseU Industries (Sylacauga, Alabama), and The O.M. Scott Sons Co. (Marysville, Ohio). All produce a number of fertilizer grades and particle sizes. Sulfur-coated ureas and compound (N—P—K) fertilizers also are produced by Mitsui Toatsu (Japan). 

C. S. Reynolds, Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Freshwater Biological Association, Ferry House, Far Sawry, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 ODP, UK... 

We are indebted to Dr. W. Novis Smith, formerly with Foote Mineral Company, and now with Stauffer Chemical Company, Dobbs Ferry, New York, for supplying the general preparative procedure which we have adapted to the laboratory-scale preparation described here. 

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