Ferric oxide, catalyst

ORTHOSELECTIVE ALKYLATION OF 2-ETHYL ANILINE WITH METHANOL ON FERRIC OXIDE CATALYSTS... 

From time to time, problems have been encountered with the hydrous ferric oxide catalyst in liquefier installations. For example, the batch of catalyst used in these investigations had been discarded from the National Bureau of Standards hydrogen liquefier because it had decreased in activity by approximately 15 per cent. Activation at low pressure (15 microns) and high temperatures increased the activity of this batch to roughly 160 per cent of its activity when removed from the liquefier. 

Other hydrogen liquefaction facilities have reported decrease in activity of the hydrous ferric oxide catalyst from time to time, but this supposed decrease has always been traced to either lack of or improper activation procedure, or channeling in the catalyst bed. 

The vapor bulb was streamlined to minimize turbulence at the Venturi inlet the volume of the bulb was kept small (1.3 cm ) for good time response and, again, to minimize turbulence. About 100 mg of hydrous ferric oxide catalyst were contained within the bulb to insure essentially complete para conversion of the hydrogen in the bulb. 

Oxidation Catalysis. The multiple oxidation states available in molybdenum oxide species make these exceUent catalysts in oxidation reactions. The oxidation of methanol (qv) to formaldehyde (qv) is generally carried out commercially on mixed ferric molybdate—molybdenum trioxide catalysts. The oxidation of propylene (qv) to acrolein (77) and the ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile (qv) (78) are each carried out over bismuth—molybdenum oxide catalyst systems. The latter (Sohio) process produces in excess of 3.6 x 10 t/yr of acrylonitrile, which finds use in the production of fibers (qv), elastomers (qv), and water-soluble polymers. 

Catalytic alkylation of aniline with diethyl ether, in the presence of mixed metal oxide catalysts, preferably titanium dioxide in combination with molybdenum oxide and/or ferric oxide, gives 63% V/-alkylation and 12% ring alkylation (14). 

Styrene. Commercial manufacture of this commodity monomer depends on ethylbenzene, which is converted by several means to a low purity styrene, subsequendy distilled to the pure form. A small percentage of styrene is made from the oxidative process, whereby ethylbenzene is oxidized to a hydroperoxide or alcohol and then dehydrated to styrene. A popular commercial route has been the alkylation of benzene to ethylbenzene, with ethylene, after which the cmde ethylbenzene is distilled to give high purity ethylbenzene. The ethylbenzene is direcdy dehydrogenated to styrene monomer in the vapor phase with steam and appropriate catalysts. Most styrene is manufactured by variations of this process. A variety of catalyst systems are used, based on ferric oxide with other components, including potassium salts, which improve the catalytic activity (10). 

A hydrated silica-alumina compound, associated with ferric oxide. Used as a filter medium and as a catalyst and catalyst carrier and in cosmetics and insecticides. 

Benzylacetophenone has been prepared by the reduction of benzalacetophenone with zinc and acetic acid1 and catalytic-ally with palladium and hydrogen 2 by the reduction of /3-duplo-benzylidene acetophenone monosulfide 3 by the oxidation of the corresponding car bind with chromic acid 4 by the hydrolysis of ethyl benzyl benzoylacetate 5 from acetophenone and benzyl chloride by the action of sodamide 6 and from benzoic and hydrocinnamic adds using as catalysts manganese oxide 7 and ferric oxide.8... 

Ferric oxide hydroxide, catalyst grade Sigma Aldrich 158.0... 

DeNOx (1) A Denox process for removing nitrogen oxides from the gaseous effluents from nitric acid plants. The oxides are reduced with ammonia, over a catalyst containing potassium chromate and ferric oxide. Developed by Didier Werke in the 1980s. 

Formox [Formaldehyde by oxidation] A process for oxidizing methanol to formaldehyde, using a ferric molybdate catalyst. Based on the Adkins-Peterson reaction, developed by Reichold Chemicals, and licensed by that company and Perstorp, Sweden. Acquired by Dyno Industries in 1989. The process uses formaldehyde produced in this way to make formaldehyde-urea resin continuously. A plant using this process was to be built in Ghent by 1991, owned jointly by Dyno and AHB-Chemie. Licensed to 35 sites worldwide. Several other companies operate similar processes. 

Mannheim (2) An early version of the Contact process for making sulfuric acid. Two catalysts were used ferric oxide, followed by platinum. The first Mannheim plant was built in Buffalo, NY, in 1903. 

Finally, another type of defect one can study is a surface—e.g., the surface of an aluminum oxide catalyst containing iron in the surface layers. Figure 7 shows the Mdssbauer spectrum for " Fe in the surface layers of an aluminum oxide catalyst (6). One sees first of all a quadru-pole splitting which is unusually large for a ferric ion. This is caused by... 

Dichlorobenzene is produced by the chlorination of benzene or chlorobenzene in the presence of a catalyst (typically ferric oxide) followed by either fiactional distillation or crystallization of the resulting mixture of chlorinated benzenes to yield 1,4-dichlorobenzene (HSDB 1998 IRPTC 1985). 

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