Ferric chloride-Alumina

Ferric chloride-Alumina. This supported reagent is prepared1 by stirring FeCl, with basic aluminum oxide in CH2C12 for one hour followed by removal of the solvent. 

Pyrolysis Thermal decomposition of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane produces tetrachloroethylene (by disproportionation), hydrogen chloride, and trichloroethylene via dehydrochlorination (111). The yield of the latter is increased in the presence of ferric chloride (112). Other catalytic materials include FeCl —KCl mixture (113), AlCl (6), the complex of AlCl with nitrobenzene (114), activated alumina (3), Ca(OH)2 (115,116), and NaCl (94). 

Butyl Ether. -Butyl ether is prepared by dehydration of -butyl alcohol by sulfuric acid or by catalytic dehydration over ferric chloride, copper sulfate, siUca, or alumina at high temperatures. It is an important solvent for Grignard reagents and other reactions that require an anhydrous, inert medium. -Butyl ether is also an excellent extracting agent for use with aqueous systems owing to its very low water-solubiUty. 

Bipyridine has been prepared by the action of ferric chloride,8,9 iodine,10 or a nickel-alumina catalyst10 on pyridine at temperatures ranging from 300° to 400°. It has also been obtained from the reaction of 2-bromopyridine and copper.11 The present procedure is a modification of a previously published, general method.3 The W7-J nickel catalyst was developed from the description of the W7 Raney nickel catalyst of Billica and Adkins.12... 

Binaphthols are important as ligands for transition metal catalysts used in stereoselective syntheses. The oxidation of a suspension of powdered 2-naphthol in water with ferric chloride and air gives the corresponding binaphthol (4.42) in 95% yield. This is an improvement over homogeneous syntheses which are accompanied by quinone formation.199 The workup consists of filtration, washing with water, drying, and recrystallization from toluene. The reaction can also be run with a catalytic amount of inexpensive cop-per(II) sulfate on alumina to produce the binaphthol in 97% yield.200 A third paper reports 77-99% yields with 1 mol% of a tetramethylethylenediamine complex of copper hy-droxychloride as the catalyst.201... 

In certain processes currently being developed, it is proposed to withdraw the ferric chloride by adsorption on alumina or activated charcoal to avoid excessive product losses. As a rule, most of the equipment is built of carbon steeL The main license holders are Dow, Ethyl, Goodrich, Hoechst, Hills, Mitsui Totasu, Monsanto, PPG (Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company), Rhdne-Poulenc, Solvay, Stauffer. Toa Gosei, Tokuyama Soda, Toyo-Soda, etc. In the 1970s, Diamond Alkali and Oronzo de Nora developed a process for the chlorination of dilute ethylene called Dianor. 

Raschig process (refs.9,10,11) which was essentially a regenerative route introduced prior to World War II. Chlorobenzene, obtained by the oxychlorination of benzene with an air/chlorine mixture at 200-230°C in the presence of a catalyst containing cupric chloride, ferric chloride and alumina, was hydrolysed with steam under pressure at 400-450°C over a calcium phosphate catalyst. Alternatively a copper-promoted calcium phosphate/silica catalyst has been employed. 

EPOXIDES Alumina. Aluminum iso-propoxide. f-Butyl dilithioacetoacetate. Diethylaluminum 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidide. Dilithioacetate. Dimethyl malonate. Ferric chloride-Silica gel. Lithium acetylide. Lithium di-isopropylamide. Sodium boro-hydride. 

Calcination of Al(OH)j to alumina (AljOj) Conversion of ferric chloride to iron oxide and chlorine... 

Besides being modified by silation, silica gel alone (Table 2-8) has recently been reported as a carrier for ferric chloride, sodium methoxide, and potassium permanganate (Keinan and Mazur 1977a, 1978 Regen and Koteel, 1977). Silica-alumina and alumina (Table 2-8) have both been used as carriers and alone to promote reactions (for leading references see Taylor et al., 1976 San Filippo and Chern, 1977 Keinan and Mazur, 1977b Posner er al., 1977 Liu and Tong, 1978 Posner, 1978). 

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