Feeds proximate analysis

The preparation time for a PER is extensive and involves several days for acquisition of rats and their acclimation before a feeding trial begins. Preparation of a consistent and uniform diet is not trivial. Adequate diet for each treatment for the course of the study should be prepared shortly in advance of the study. Testing of the diet involves chemical analysis for protein (i.e., Kjeldahl N takes several hours) and accurate determination of other diet constituents (e.g., ash, crude lipid, and dietary fiber) so that isocaloric diets can be formulated between treatment groups. These determinations take >1 day to complete. It is recommended that multiple samples from each diet be obtained for proximate analysis of diet before it is fed to ensure that each diet has the proper nitrogen content (and this is same between diet treatments) and that all diets are isocaloric. 

In order to accurately test the system with a minimum of instrumentation, accurate analysis of the feed stock was necessary. This includes both proximate analysis to establish volatile fired carbon, moisture, ash and ultimate analysis for carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 

Sample Proximate Analysis, wt.% Feed Residue Feed Residue... 

Proximate Analysis. This term is used to designate a series of chemical analyses which yield an estimate of food or feed values in terms of water, ash, crude protein, crude fat, available carbohydrate, and crude fiber. 

In Section 4.3, some factors which need to be considered in choosing a method of analysis were discussed in general terms. The next step is to consider the properties of a method that will enable a choice to be made. This is done for a specific case, e.g. the determination of residues of chemicals used in veterinary practice to treat animal diseases and to prevent the development and spread of disease where large numbers of animals are kept in close proximity to each other. Such chemicals may be administered by injection, or orally as a constituent of the feed. Some chemicals are metabolized and excreted while others may be partially retained in edible products such as milk, eggs, meat and offal (liver or kidney). The detection and determination of such residues is a very difficult analytical problem. 

Samples of the feed to the densifier were supplied to ASTM E-38.01 as the material for round-robin analysis of RDF proximate and ultimate fuel properties. The samples were generated on three separate occasions over a period of 17 months by diverting the output from the secondary shredder. A pile of approximately 100 kg was repeatedly coned and quartered and aliquots of 1 to 2 kg were packaged in double polyethylene bags and tied. Several bags of each sample were sent to participating laboratories. 

Synthesis of P(CMS-2VN), aiming at Dg =1 p. C / cm2 sensitivity, was carried out by ordinary radical polymerization in an inert-gas-filled flask with stirring (60 °C, 5 hrs.). The polymer after fractionation was Mw = 7.8 x 10-5, and polydispersivity Mw /Mn = 1.3 (as measured by gel permeation chromatography). The mole fractions in the polymer were found to be 9 mole % of CMS and 91 mole % 2VN ( as determined by elemental analysis). These values are very close to the mole fractions in the feed. The polymer was dissolved in xylene (5 wt.%), spin-coated (2000 rpm) and prebaked (100 °C for 30 min) to get uniform 0.5 jl m-thick-films on Si substrate. Pattern delineation was made by a 3EOL 3BX-5A (20 kV acceleration) electron beam exposure system without proximity corrections. Images were developed by dipping in 1,1,2,2-... 

Food and feed quality begins with the selection of the best-quality ingredients, which are evaluated in terms of physical properties that include color, smell, taste, and texture, and proximate and chemical analyses that include amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. The amino acid profile is usually determined by ion-exchange chromatography or HPLC systems equipped with fluorescent detectors. The fatty acid composition is, in most instances, analyzed via gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector. New capillary columns allow the analysis of fatty acid isomers, such as trans configured, that need to be declared in food labels in many countries around the globe. 

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