Feed additives categories

The following demonstrates the number of registered feed additives according to category. 

Table I. The Number of Registered Feed Additives According to Category...

Data for AMD usage and sales in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) have been supplied by Professor A. R. Peters. BRD is a major cause of reduced productivity and economic loss globally in the United States alone the annual total cost to the cattle industry is estimated to approach 2 billion. In 2005 the total global animal health market was estimated at 17.4 billion. Table 2.19 classifies this on the basis of product category, animal species, and country. Together AMDs and medicated feed additives constitute 27% of the total cattle, pigs, and poultry together make up 56% of the total and the United States as a country takes 36.1% of the total. In 2006 AMD... 

European Union Register of Feed Additives describes that acetic acid (E260) and its calcium (E263) and sodium salts (sodium diacetate E262) are preservatives for use in all animal species and categories without a time limit and without maximum levels. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has issued an opinion on the safety of calcium acetate added for nutritional purposes to food supplements (EFSA, 2009). 

Automated control schemes employ one or more sets of controls, which will fit into three categories (1) control loops which are used to regulate the addition of tlocciilant, (2) control loops to regulate the withdrawal of Iindertlow, and (3) rake dri e controls. Usually, the feed to a thickener is not controlled and most control systems ha e been designed with some tlexibility to deal with changes in feed characteristics, such as an increase in oliirne or alteration in the nature of the solids thernseh es. In se ere cases, some equalization of the feed is required in order to allow the control system to perform effecth ely. 

Various calcium sails and organic compounds lull into this category of dietary supplements and are frequently used in feeds and foods. Some of the more Important additives include calcium carbonate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium phosphate (di- and monobasic), calcium pyrophosphate, calcium sulfate, and calcium pantothenate. 

In terms of common practice, fractional extraction operations may be classified into several types (1) standard extraction augmented by addition of a washing section utilizing a relatively small amount of feed solvent as the wash solvent (2) full fractionation (less common) and (3) full fractionation with solute reflux (much less common). The first two categories are examples of dual-solvent fractional extraction. The third category can be practiced as dual-solvent or single-solvent fractional extraction. 

In general, no more than one product is necessary per category of enteral feeding formulations and it may be possible to omit certain categories based on the specific population and physician prescribing practices within a given institution. The selection of product should be based on meeting patient nutritional requirements. Additional selection criteria include container size and type, liquid or powder form, shelf life, ease of use, and cost. 

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