Features of Hydro solvo thermal Synthetic Reactions

1 Features of Hydro(solvo)thermal Synthetic Reactions 

Hydro(solvo)thermal synthesis refers to the synthetic reactions conducted at appropriate temperature (100 1000°C) and pressure (1 100 MPa) in aqueous or organic solvents 

Chemistry of Zeolites and Related Porous Material - Synthesis and Structure Ruren Xu, Wenqin Pang, Jihong Yu, Qisheng Huo and Jiesheng Chen 2007 John Wiley Sons, (Asia) Pte Ltd 

Another feature of hydro(solvo)thermal synthesis is the operability and tunability of hydrothermal and solvothermal chemistry, which bridges the synthetic chemistry and physical properties of synthesized materials. With deepening studies on hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis chemistry, more and more reaction types have been discovered. Compared with other synthesis and preparation techniques, hydro(solvo)thermal synthesis methodology and techniques have irreplaceable advantages. So far, a variety of materials and crystals used in many fields could be hydrothermally or solvothermally synthesized, and the quality and properties of the resulting products are often much better than those prepared by other methods. 

The main difference between the solid-state reaction synthesis route and hydro(sol-vo)thermal synthesis route lies in reactivity , which is reflected in reaction mechanisms. Reactions in solid-state synthesis depend on the diffusion of the reactants at the interface, whereas individual reactant molecules existing in the liquid phase can react with each other in hydro(solvo)thermal synthesis. Variation in the reaction mechanism leads to the formation of different structures from the same or similar starting materials. In addition, even the same material that can be obtained by both preparation routes can have totally different morphology and properties due to different formation mechanisms. For instance, perfect single crystals can usually be formed from liquid-phase synthesis, while being very difficult to obtain in solid-state synthesis. 

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