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Energy metabolism fatty acids

Fat is only an energy storage form (Fig. 17-4). Fat cannot be converted to carbohydrate equivalents. This is a very important point. Remember it The reason for this is a bit subtle. The carbon skeleton of fatty acids is metabolized to acetyl-CoA only. Glucose precursors such as oxaloacetate can be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by going around the TCA cycle. However, acetyl-CoA has 2 carbon atoms. Going around the TCA cycle burns off 2 carbon atoms (as C02). The net number of carbon atoms that ends up in oxaloacetate is then zero. No carbohydrate can be made from fat.5... [Pg.220]

Glycerol provides a minor source of energy, in that it can be modified readily to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, one of the intermediates in the glycolytic pathway. The fatty acids are metabolized by a process termed P-oxidation, which involves the sequential removal of two-carbon units via oxidation at the P-position. The process for saturated fatty acids will now be described. [Pg.590]

Fatty acid -oxidation. Designation of biochemical pathways through which fatty acids are metabolized, resulting in energy production as their oxidation is a highly exergonic process. In mammals, mitochondrial p-oxidation of fatty acid provides a major source of ATP for the heart and skeletal muscle. [Pg.660]

Tissues other than red blood cells can utilize fatty acids as metabolic fuel, but only to a limited extent, and not enough to meet their energy requirements completely. By contrast, the liver has a greater capacity for the oxidation of fatty acids than is required to meet its own energy requirements. Therefore, in the fasting state, the liver synthesizes ketone bodies (acetoacetate and P-hydroxybutyrate section 5.5.3), which it exports to other tissues for use as a metabolic fuel. [Pg.131]

The processes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are membrane-associated. Bacteria are the simplest life form, and bacterial cells typically consist of a single cellular compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane and a more rigid cell wall. In such a system, the conversion of energy from NADH and [FADHg] to the energy of ATP via electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is carried out at (and across) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are localized in mitochondria, which are also the sites of TCA cycle activity and (as we shall see in Chapter 24) fatty acid oxidation. Mammalian cells contain from 800 to 2500 mitochondria other types of cells may have as few as one or two or as many as half a million mitochondria. Human erythrocytes, whose purpose is simply to transport oxygen to tissues, contain no mitochondria at all. The typical mitochondrion is about 0.5 0.3 microns in diameter and from 0.5 micron to several microns long its overall shape is sensitive to metabolic conditions in the cell. [Pg.674]

One of the most striking features of the common fatty adds is that they have an even number of carbon atoms (Table 27.1, p. 1062). This even number results because all fatty acids are derived biosynthelically from acetyl CoA by sequential addition of two-carbon units to a growing chain. The acetyl CoA, in turn, arises primarily from the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates in the glycolysis pathway that weTl see in Section 29.5. Thus, dietary carbohydrates consumed in excess of immediate energy needs are turned into fats for storage. [Pg.1138]

Lipids (Fig. 3-12) are insoluble in water and release large amounts of energy when they are metabolized. Lipids are composed of two principal building blocks,/afty acids (Fig. 3-12a), and glycerol (Fig. 3-12b). Three fatty acids (carboxylic... [Pg.59]


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