Fasting state blood glucose levels

B. Blood glucose levels in the fasting state (Figure 5-36)... 

Thus, in addition to hormonal effects (see here), the liver senses the fed state and acts to store fuel derived from glucose. The liver also senses the fasted state and increases the synthesis and export of glucose when blood glucose levels are low. (Other organs also sense the fed state, notably the pancreas, which adjusts its glucagon and insulin outputs accordingly.)... 

Ann O Rexia s admission laboratory studies showed a blood glucose level of 65 mg/dL (normal fasting blood glucose = 80 - 100 mg/dL). Her serum ketone body concentration was 4,200 [xM (normal = 70 [xM). The Ketostix (Bayer Diagnostics, Mishawaha, IN) urine test was moderately positive, indicating that ketone bodies were present in the urine. In her starved state, ketone body use by her brain is helping to conserve protein in her muscles and vital organs. 

Glucokinase is also an inducible enzyme. The concentration of the enzyme increases in the fed state, when blood glucose and insulin levels are elevated, and decreases in the fasting state, when glucose and insulin are low. 

Fig. (14 b). Dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effects of humulones (a mixture of 65% humulone, 24% cohumulone, 9% adhumulone, and 2% other a-acids) and isohumulones 6 hr after intraperitoneal injection in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Isohumulones were prepared from humulones in 0.1% DMSO solution by heating at 60°C for 1 hr. The percentage fall of blood glucose level was evaluated from the expression of (b-a)/(b-85) x 100, where b and a are blood glucose levels before and after injection of the compounds, respectively, and 85 mg/dL is the mean blood glucose level in the fasted state of normal mice. The values represent means S.E.M. (n = 3-7). 

Describe how the blood-glucose level is controlled by the liver in response to glucagon and insulin in well-fed, early fasting, and refed states. Discuss the contributions of muscle and adipose tissue to the regulation of the blood-glucose level. 

A report briefly states that no changes in blood tolbutamide or in fasting blood glucose levels were seen in diabetics given diflunisal 375 mg twice daily. In a study in 12 type 2 diabetic patients, sulindac 400 mg daily did not affect the half-life, plasma levels, time-to-peak levels or AUC of tolbutamide. An unimportant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels was... 

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