Fasting glucose 3-oxidation

MTP-1403 (91) and MTP-1307 (92) are able to improve glucose tolerance in normal rats and in insulin-resistant mice and lower fasting plasma glucose in rats but not in insulin-deficient diabetic animals. In rats, the hypogly-caemic effect is accompanied by an increase in insulin levels, more pronounced with MTP-1307 than with MTP-1403. The mechanism of action is unknown. In vitro MTP-1307 inhibits gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes and glucose oxidation in adipose tissue, at 0.1 to 3 mM [397]. 

Fuel Oxidation. During fasting, glucose continues to be oxidized by glucose-dependent tissues such as the brain and red blood cells, and fatty acids are oxidized by tissues such as muscle and liver. Muscle and most other tissues oxidize fatty acids completely to CO2 and H2O. However, the liver partially oxidizes fatty acids to smaller molecules called ketone bodies, which are released into the blood. Muscle, kidney, and certain other tissues derive energy from completely oxidizing ketone bodies in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. 

Mammalian liver + Chemicals, drugs Repression of translation Inhibition of transport of cytosol enzyme into mitochondria Concomitant induction of microsomal oxygenase, direct glucose oxidation path, and gluconeogenesis systems which aid to detoxify inducers. Fasting enhances, and carbohydrates decrease induction... 

It has been proposed that the development of the complications of diabetes mellitus may be linked to oxidative stress and therefore might be attenuated by antioxidants such as vitamin E. Furthermore, it is discussed that glucose-induced vascular dysfunction in diabetes can be reduced by vitamin E treatment due to the inactivation of PKC. Cardiovascular complications are among the leading causes of death in diabetics. In addition, a postulated protective effect of vitamin E (antioxidants) on fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients is also mentioned but could not be confirmed in a recently published triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [3]. To our knowledge, up to now no clinical intervention trials have tested directly whether vitamin E can ameliorate the complication of diabetes. 

Muscle Fast twitch Slow twitch Rapid movement Sustained movement Glycolysis Aerobic pathways, eg, p-oxidation and citric acid cycle Glucose Ketone bodies, triacylglycerol in VLDL and chylomicrons, free fatty acids Lactate Lipoprotein lipase. Respiratory chain well developed. 

The formation R-CO radicals from glucose is verified by spintrapping experiments with tert-butyl-nitroxide and recorded ESR spectra for the resulting compound. Ring-closed vicinal diols indicate fast bond cleavage by Mn + oxidation and efficient initiation of vinyl polymerization., ... 

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