Failure Force

A second model was proposed by Benkoski et al. [16] based on the idea that chain friction and pull-out, rather than chain scission are the important molecular scale failure processes. It is assumed that the chain failure force is given by fc = N/mono, where N is the number of monomers in a loop that crosses the interface, and that... 

As one might expect, early modern alchemy looks quite different from this point of view. It is a central contention of this book, however, that these entrepreneurial alchemists did more than simply add to a centuries-old alchemical tradition they fundamentally transformed it. Together with their better-known contemporaries, these unknown alchemists created an incredibly rich and varied alchemical practice that threatened to burst the bounds of alchemical tradition. The collective presence of all of these types of alchemists—some of whom were quite successful, and others of whom were spectacular failures—forced a discussion about alchemy in early modern central Europe that would have lasting consequences. The resulting debate about true and false alchemy, moreover, was never merely... 

The results reveal that a minimum failure force of 71.64 N and an average failure force of 158.38N were achieved. The average force of 158.38 N was almost twice the minimum average required to pass the test. The SARK-1 fabric also passed the slash resistance standard with the WF528 yam as the test face. It passed with a force of 65.81 N in the walewise direction, 122.17N in the coursewise direction... 

Slash test direction Failure force on Kevlar face (N) Failure force on WF 528 face (N)... 

The economic crisis in the 1970s, the rapid development of highways and the appearance of early failures forced authorities and institutions of various countries to review, modify and develop new pavement design methodologies, capable of designing adequately economical pavements suited to the new requirements. A better understanding of the mechanical performance of constituent material and the development of computing contributed to this effort. 

We note that an upgrade may occur in this scenario even ifit is not planned, because some failures force the operator to replace the old equipment with new. However, the positive elfect of a planned upgrade versus this reactive alternative is threefold. 

The theoretieal prediction of overlap failure force was calculated from Equation (15.5) and plotted as the broken line in Fig. 15.12. Experimental... 

From the energy balance theory of fracture, four equations were produced to explain the failure force F in the different geometries given the same interfacial fracture energy R. The simplest equation was for peeling... 

Figure 16.23, Failure forces in the four different loading geometries tension, compression,...

Stress criterion Failure force Energy criterion failure force... 

From the elastic energy balance theory, the several equations for the failure force of each adhesive joint were calculated as shown. These equations were found to describe the experimental results rather well, providing the crack speed was kept low and uniform during the tests. The conclusion from these arguments... 

General Considerations. Ideally, a test method should have the following features. First, it should employ simple, easily prepared specimens. Secondly, the failure force should remain constant, at least in principle, as the line of separation is forced to advance over long distances, so that fluctuations in the failure force can be attributed to variations in the strength of adhesion. And, finally, the fracture energy should be obtained directly from the dimensions of the specimen, its stiffness during loading, and the applied force at which failure takes place. No other measurements should be needed to calculate G. ... 

Effect of conditioning in deionised water at 50°C on 7075 aluminium alloy/FM73 adhesive (Cytec Engineered Materials Ltd.) single lap joints, (a) Comparison of annealed (O) and tempered (T6) adherends and recovery on drying, (b) Correlation between failure force and percentage of apparent interfacial failure. After Mubashar, Ashcroft et al. (2009a)... 

---