Extraction from nutmeg

B 8. What is the identity of the lipid that was extracted from nutmeg seed B 9. What is the function of BF3 in the formation of FAMEs ... 

What IS the identity of the lipid that was extracted from nutmeg seed ... 

Essential oil distilled from the ethnolic extract of nutmeg contained a relatively higher content of terpinen-4-ol, elemicin and myristicin and a lower content of sabinene and pinene compared with the steam-distilled oil (Borges and Pino, 1993). Zhu et al. (1995) reported that nutmeg oil from Guangdong, China, contained 27.63% a-pinene, 26.84% sabinene, 15.52% P-pinene and 7.39% myr-isticine besides the minor constituents. 

Spricigo, C.B., Pinto, L.T., Bolzan, A. and Novais, A.F. (1 999) Extraction of essential oil and lipids from nutmeg by liquid carbon dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 15, 253-259. 

The oils from nutmeg, dill, parsley seed, calamus, crocus, saffron, vanilla beans, sassafras and other plants contain generous amounts of the precursors to the semi-synthetic MDA-like compounds. Recently dried nutmeg is about 15 percent extractable oil. 

Extraction process 4 Extraction of Myristicin from nutmeg or nutmeg butter... 

Safrole, a- and j8-asarone, isosafrole, and anethole extracted from alcoholic beverages and essential oils (e.g., sassafras, nutmeg, and cinnamon) were baseline resolved on a C g column (A = 290nm, ex 325 run, emor310nm, ex 3SSnm, em) using a 45/55 acetonitrile/water mobile phase [1258]. Elution was complete in <10 min and a quantitation limit of 0.4ng/pL was reported. 

Extraction of natural materials often produces complex mixtures of products, as described in the Historical Highlight at the end of this chapter, so additional operations are required to separate and purify individual compoimds. These procedures may involve techniques in which the compounds are separated on the basis of their acidic or basic properties (Sec. 5.3) or by chromatographic methods (Chap. 6). Thus, the isolation of pure natural products normally involves a series of complex and time-consuming operations. Fortunately there are some exceptions to this general rule. The isolation of trimyristin (20) from nutmeg is one of them. 

Considering the solubility properties of trimyristin (20), would water be a good choice as an extracting solvent for obtaining 20 from nutmeg ... 

Microscale extractions of trimyristin from nutmeg, and cholesterol from gallstones, have been described. Diethyl ether was used as the solvent in both cases. A packed Fhsteur pipet column was used for filtering, drying (nutmeg experiment), and decolorizing (gallstone experiment). 

The Olefinic Substrates The highly iso-regioselective hydroformylation of allyl- or propenylarenes (phenylpropanoids) gives aldehydes with numerous applications in flavors and perfumes. Several 2-aryl-prop-1-enes required as substrates can be extracted from natural sources in a rather pure form (Figure 6.8). For example, eugenol, with its typical spicy, clove like aroma, can be isolated from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, basil, and bay leaf. Safrol (shikimol) is isolated from sassafras plants and has a typical sweet-shop aroma. Estragole (methyl chavicol) is produced from basil oil and chavicol from betel oil. 

A yield of about 16% is obtained from nutmeg kernals by L.CO2, the extract obtained containing 40% by weight of low molecular weight saturated and stable lipids [22, 161]. 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

If nutmeg butter, a commercial fat obtained by the hot pressing of ground nutmegs, is available, the above extraction may be omitted. The only operation necessary is a double crystallization of the crude material from boiling 95 per cent alcohol. Since nutmeg butter is frequently adulterated with foreign fats, the purity of the product should be checked by the saponification number (232 for pure trimyristin). 

The only convenient source of trimyristin is nutmegs, and ether is the most suitable solvent for its extraction. It has also been prepared from glycerol and myristic acid. ... 

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