Extraction from acid solution

Heinisch et al. described methods for detecting drugs containing chlorine, bromine, or iodine that can be extracted from acidic solutions with ether, then identified with TLC using 12 solvent systems and silica gel F254 plates [66]. 

Russell, J. H. Rickel, R. L. Modeling copper extraction from acidic solutions using P5100, PT5050, and LTX84. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 1990, 8, 855-873. 

In Equation (21) the ligand acts in a deprotonated bidentate manner, where m can range from 0 to 4. While the hydroxypyridinonate ligands are themselves a class of compounds, their ability to extract Pu is directly related to their protonation constants. Octyl-1,2-HOPO has the lowest protonation constants among all hydroxypyridinonates thus making it the best agent for extraction from acid solutions, particularly at low acid concentrations. 

With the tetraphenylarsonium cation, the fluoroborate anion forms an ion-pair, which can be extracted with chloroform. Quantitative conversion of boron into BF4, and subsequent quantitative extraction are ensured by using an excess of fluoride (at pH 2-3), and by leaving the solution to react for sufficient time before extraction [7]. Boric acid is often extracted from acidic solutions (1-6 M HCl) with 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol in CHCI3 [10-14], with 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol in CHCI3 [15], or with 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol in CHCI3 [16] or in MIBK[17]. 

Diethyl dithiocarbamate extracts lead from slightly acidic media, from neutral media containing citrate, and from alkaline media containing cyanide and tartrate. When extracting from acid solutions the use of dibenzyl dithiocarbamate is advisable [2]. 

Copper is removed by masking the mercury as strong bromide- or iodide complexes in acid media. Only copper dithizonate is extracted from 1 M HCl containing KI. Alternatively, the mercury and copper can be extracted from acid solution, and the mercury stripped with an acidic solution of KI or KBr. The mercury is re-extracted from the aqueous... 

The anionic thiocyanate complex of Mo forms ion-pairs with various organic cations, which are extractable from acid solutions into non-polar solvents. The most useful are tetraphenylarsonium [53] and tetraphenylphosphonium [54] ions, CTA (in the presence of SnCy [55], A-oclylbenzamidine [56], and thioacetanilide [57]. 

Many other basic dyes besides Methyl Violet have been used in sensitive extraction-spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Ta as the anionic complex TaFe [92]. Mention may be made of Crystal Violet (formula 4.27) (e = 8.5-10" ) [91-93], Brilliant Green (e = 1.2-10 ) [94,95], Malachite Green [96,97], Methyl Green (e = 1.2-10 ) [98], Rhodamine 6G and butylrhodamine B [99], Methylene Blue (e = 9.1-10" ) [98], Nile Blue A [100], Capri Blue (e = I.TIO ) [101], and Victoria Blue B [102]. Ion-associates with these dyes are extractable from acid solutions into benzene, toluene, CHClj, xylene, or dichloroethane. 

The chloride-, bromide-, and thiocyanate complexes of ruthenium(IIl) and osmium(IV) can be extracted from acid solutions by oxygen-containing solvents, also in the presence of TBP or amines [10,12-15]. Osmium has been separated from Ru after conversion into Osle and extraction with TO A [16]. From mixtures of thiocyanate complexes of Ru and Os, only the Os complex can be extracted into diethyl ether containing a small amount of peroxide [14]. Poljmrethane foam has also been used for separating Ru and Os as their thiocyanate complexes [17,18]. 

The analysis of liquid and solid samples very often requires some form of solvent extraction to isolate organic constituents. Conventional solvent extraction can be used, and the pH may be adjusted to achieve some selectivity, for example, extracting from acid solution to prevent basic compounds from extracting. More efficient means of extraction are commonly employed today, such as microwave-assisted or accelerated solvent extraction for solid samples (Chapter 19). See... 

The determination of Au and Au isotopes in fallout samples produced in the Au(n, 2n) Au and Au(n, y) Au neutron activation reactions has been described . Fallout samples containing neutron activated nuclides and actinides have been collected with polyperchloroethylene filters. Counting procedures showed the concentrations of Au to be 0.24-0.42 ngg in tumour-type tissues . 1,2-Diarylethylenediamine Pt complexes have been examined by determining via NAA the content of platinum in tumour tissue and in the different organs of mice. The measurements of the induced radioactivity of Au served as indications of the Pt concentration . The contribution of this type of radiation is given. Irradiated platinum has been purified from Au by extraction from acidic solutions with ethyl acetate . The distribution of cis-dichlorodiamine platinum ( cisplatin ) in various organs of mice has been determined . 

Thalidomide cannot be extracted from acid solution. A solution in N sodium hydroxide can be applied to the plate. TLC can be carried... 

X The activity In this fraction Is extracted from acidic solution by benzene. Is not back-extracted by water, or by aqueous solutions of potassium Iodide, potassium lodate. Iron (II), or sulfurous acid, but Is back-extracted by aqueous sodium hydroxide. 

I The behavior of the activity not extracted from acidic solution by benzene but extracted by a benzene solution of molecular Iodine Is expected for Iodide Ion iodide Ion exchanges rapidly with molecular Iodine and Is not soluble In benzene. 

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