External processing environment construction

CONTROLLED AREA An area constructed and operated in such a manner that some attempt is made to control the introduction of potential contamination (an air supply approximating to grade D may be appropriate), and the consequences of accidental release of living organisms. The level of control exercised should reflect the nature of the organism employed in the process. At a minimum, the area should be maintained at a pressure negative to the immediate external environment and allow for the efficient removal of small quantities of airborne contaminants. 

Recently, dimethylamino and zwitterion end-fimctionahzed block copolymers were used in the construction of smart polymer surfaces [39]. These surfaces were fovmd to respond almost reversibly to external stimuli, being able to alter the wetting characteristics of a polymer surface when it is exposed to a humid environment, hi this process the abihty of a diblock copolymer, having the hydrophilic group attached to the mostly surface active block, to accumulate at the polymer/air interface was utilized. The end group is hidden below the polymer surface when in contact with dry air while it is present on the surface when the material is exposed to water vapor. Due to the increase of the concentration of the polar groups on the polymer surface, the water contact angle is reduced. This process could be reversed and... 

During the last decade, there have been continuous improvements in the selection of constitutive materials, in the manufacturing processes and the field implementation of polymer composites for civil engineering applications. The use of FRP materials as externally bonded reinforcement is now an attractive solution to increase the lifespan of existing concrete infrastructures, while their use as internal reinforcing bars or as structural members is intended to prevent corrosion problems and increase the overall durability of new constructions exposed to severe environments. Nevertheless, key issues regarding the long-term durability of FRPs for infrastructure applications have been only partially addressed, and there remain considerable needs for research and development in this field ... 

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