Extended Field of View

Many ultrasound machines can produce extended field-of-view (panoramic) images which allow coverage of large lesions and visualisation of adjacent structures (Cooperberg et al. 2001 Barberie et al. 1998). This facilitates measurement of large structures and allows the referring clinician to have a better understanding of the anatomy. 

Fig. 4.1. Longitudinal extended field-of-view image demonstrating the normal patellar tendon in a 10-year-old child. Note the fibrillar echogenic texture of tendon which inserts onto low echogenicity cartilage...

Fig. 4.18. Extended field-of-view ultrasound demonstrates a mass-like organising haematoma following contusion involving the vastus inter-medius (VM) and rectus femoris (RP) muscles. The arrowheads indicate the margins of the echogenic organising haematoma which surround a fluid collection (arrow)...

Fig. 4.24. Extended field-of-view ultrasound of the medial collateral ligament in a young adult with a Pelligrini Stieda lesion arrow) following injury...

Cooperberg PL, Barberie JJ, Wong T, Fix C (2001) Extended field-of-view ultrasound. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 22 65-77... 

Recent technologic innovations in ultrasound have resulted in improved diagnostic performance for the evaluation of superficial structures. Some of them have a role for penile imaging as well, in particular, wideband Doppler imaging and spatial compounding. Other innovations such as extended field-of-view and 3D rendering or reconstruction can be useful in selected cases. 

Fig. 1.6. Extended field of view. Panoramic image obtained with a conventional transducer (L17-5, iU22, Philips) showing a large portion of the penile shaft...

Weng L, Tirumalai AP, Lowery CM et al (1997) US extended-field-of-view imaging technology. Radiology 203 877-880... 

In 1951 Wolter analyzed mirrors having concentric figures of revolution, i.e., paraboloids, hyperboloids, and ellipsoids [4.38]. He showed that in order to achieve a true image over an extended field of view the X-rays have to undergo two successive reflections from either a paraboloid/hyperboloid or paraboloid/ellipsoid combination which are mounted in a coaxial and confocal arrangement (see Fig. 4.48). 

Bamber JC (1999) Ultrasound elasticity imaging definition and technology. Eur Radiol 9 327-330 Barberie JE, Wong ADW, Cooperberg PL et al (1998) Extended field-of-view sonography in musculoskeletal disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171 751-757... 

Lin EC, Middleton WD, Teefey SA (1999) Extended field of view sonography in musculoskeletal imaging. J Ultrasound Med 18 147-152... 

Fig. 3.39a,b. Chronic nonoperated Achilles tendon tear, a Long-axis extended field-of-view 17-5 MHz US image over the posterior ankle in a patient who suffered an acute Achilles tendon rupture 1 year previously as a result of a bicycling injury with b sagittal Tl-weighted MR imaging correlation demonstrates a gap of approximately 6 cm between the proximal (star) and distal (asterisk) blunt tendon ends. There is debris between the torn tendon ends and posterior herniation of the pre-Achilles fat (curved arrow) within the defect created by the tear. Note the fusiform, blunt contraction of the distal tendon segment. PM, posterior malleolus C, calcaneus... 

Fig.4.23. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors postsurgical findings. Long-axis 12-SMHz US image over the tibial nerve (arrowheads) at the mid-posterior leg in a 48-year-old woman who was previously operated on for schwannoma shows residual hypoechoic thickening (arrows) of the nerve at the site of tumor resection with loss of the fascicular echotexture. This finding was stable at 3 year follow-up. A split-screen image was used, with the two screens aligned for an extended field of view...

Fig. 4.24. Plexiform neurofibromatosis. Long-axis extended-field-of-view 17-5 MHz US image over the median nerve (arrows) at the forearm in a patient with neurofibromatosis shows multiple plexiform neurofibromas (asterisks), some of which have a central hyperechoic area representing the target sign. The median nerve is markedly enlarged and shows a convoluted multinodular appearance...

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