Explosive substances group 14 compounds

As was mentioned in the preface we have listed not only compounds which have been reported as explosive, but also compounds which have been or may be prepared and which, because of the presence of plosophoric groups, may possibly be explosive. This has been done because, unfortunately, many workers who have prepared compounds which may be explosive, have not made tests for explosibility. Many substances ordinarily not considered explosive, have exploded accidentally or been caused to explode experimentally... 

The physical, chemical and hazardous properties of a number of highly toxic or flammable substances that were in the past or being currently used in the warfare have been discussed in detail in several chapters in this book. Some of these compounds are further discussed under specific chapters, such as. Sulfur Mustards, Nerve Gases, Dioxin and Related Compounds and Napalm. These and many other compounds are in most cases grouped together in this book based on their chemical structures along with their toxic or flammable properties. Presented below is a brief discussion on various types of chemicals weapons developed for military applications. Explosive substances have been omitted from this section. They are discussed separately in this book under topics such as Explosive Characteristics of Chemical Substances, Nitro Explosives, Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides and also under specific title compounds in various chapters. 

The subject of hazardous properties of chemical compounds constitutes a very wide area which includes topics of wide diversity ranging from toxicology and explosivity of a compound to its disposal or exposure limits in air. In fact, each of these topics can form a subject for a book on its own merits. There are several well-docnmented books on these topics. However, most of these works show important limitations. The objectives of this book, therefore, are (1) to present information on many aspects of hazardous properties of chemical substances, covering the research literature up to 1991, and (2) to correlate the hazardous properties of compounds to the functional groups, reactive sites, and other structural features in the molecules and thus to predict or assess the hazards of a compound from its structure when there is lack of experimental data. 

Explosions involving flammable gases, vapours and dusts are discussed in Chapter 5. In addition, certain chemicals may explode as a result of violent self-reaction or decomposition when subjected to mechanical shock, friction, heat, light or catalytic contaminants. Substances containing the atomic groupings listed in Table 6.7 are known from experience to be thermodynamically unstable, or explosive. They include acetylides and acetylenic compounds, particular nitrogen compounds, e.g. azides and fulminates, peroxy compounds and vinyl compounds. These unstable moieties can be classified further as in Table 6.8 for peroxides. Table 6.9 lists a selection of potentially explosive compounds. 

Ami noted (Aminized) Cellulose or Amino-cellulose. By attaching amino-groups to a cellulose molecule(such as cotton), products are obtained which react differently than the untreated celluloses. Due to the presence of amino groups the atninated celluloses combine with acidic substances, such as acid dyes, some flame-proofing agents, rot-resisting compounds,and acidic explosives, such as 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrochlor-benzene, etc... 

No m-nitrotetryl is produced if pure dimethylaniline is used in the usual process for the manufacture of tetryl. The amount of this impurity in the usual process depends upon the amount of monomethylaniline which may be present. A large excess of sulfuric acid tends toward the production of m-nitro compounds, but a reduction in the amount of sulfuric acid is not feasible for this increases the amount of benzene-insoluble material. m-Nitro-tetryl reacts with water, as TNA does the nitro group in the 3-position is replaced by hydroxyl, and m-hydroxytetryl or 2,4,6-trinitro-3-methylnitraminophenol, yellow crystals from water, m.p. 183°, is formed. This substance resembles picric acid and forms explosive salts. It is readily soluble in water, and... 

Individual substances are explosive if their molecules contain groups which confer upon them explosive properties. The first attempt at a systematic approach to the relation between the explosive properties of a molecule and its structure was made by van t Hoff [1]. He pointed out, that in the molecules of explosive compounds the following groups were present ... 

Fig.3.89 shows the net length of the swing of compounds with unstable atomic groups. The explosive power of DPT and AIBN is not very large, but 5 grams of the sample substances exploded completely where more initiators was used. According to another examination, it is clear that DPT and AIBN can continue to explode and to propagate an... 

Vigorous development of the chemistry of nitro compounds can be explained in terms of the practical and theoretical significance of these compounds. It can be said with assurance that the chemistry of nitro compounds has transformed into an independent area of organic chemistry. Many nitro compounds are used as explosives, ignition mixtures, and rocket fuels. Nitro aromatics serve as initial compounds for numerous dyers and pharmaceutical preparations. Nitro group-containing substances are constituents of many medicines. There are known nitro-containing pesticides and anticorrosion additives, technical solvents, etc. 

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