Diagnostic Experiments

The diagnostics applied to shock experiments can be characterized as either prompt or delayed. Prompt instrumentation measures shock velocity, particle velocity, stress history, or temperature during the initial few shock transits of the specimen, and leads to the basic equation of state information on the specimen material. Delayed instrumentation includes optical photography and flash X-rays of shock-compression events, as well as post-mortem examinations of shock-produced craters and soft-recovered debris material. 

Historically, the problems studied and the approaches followed in scientific investigations are strongly constrained by the loading methods and diagnostics available to a particular investigator. Hence, the complete scientific description of shock-compressed matter often requires the interpretation of experiments from a number of independent directions that are often not consistent with each other and may contain significant ambiguities. 

With regard to mistakes, two separate mechanisms operate. In the rule-based mode, an error of intention can arise if an incorrect diagnostic rule is used. For example, a worker who has considerable experience in operating a batch reactor may have learned diagnostic rules that are inappropriate for continuous process operations. If he or she attempts to apply these rules to evaluate the cause of a continuous process disturbance, a misdiagnosis could result, which could then lead to an inappropriate action. In other situations, there is a tendency to overuse diagnostic rules that have been successful in the past. 

No systematic investigation into the vibrations of the benzofuroxan molecule has been reported. Infrared data are available for a number of compounds, however. Boyer et al in 1963 listed four bands in the benzofuroxan spectrum at 1630, 1600, 1645, and 1500 cm . It is the present authors experience that four strong bands of comparable intensities at or near the frequencies quoted commonly occur in the spectra of substituted benzofuroxans, and are very useful for diagnostic purposes. One or more bands may be weak or absent, however for 2,3-pyridofuroxan (4-azabenzofuroxan) only two bands are reported in this region. 

Finally, the diagnostic instrument may be administered before commencing a particular topic in order to gauge students prior rmderstanding of the associated concepts. At the same time, the use of the instrument as a formative assessment tool will enable the teacher to take appropriate measttres to challenge ary students conceptions that may become evident dttring the lesson or plan for remediation with small groups of students that experience difficulties. 

Brockhinke, A. and Kohse-Hoinghaus, K., Energy transfer in combustion diagnostics Experiment and modeling, Faraday Discuss., 119, 275, 2001. 

In a different way, metallic-core nanoparticles [346-349] (prepared cf. Section 3.10) equipped with biocompatible coats such as L-cysteine or dextrane may be exploited for highly efficient and cell-specific cancer cell targeting, i.e., for improving diagnosis and therapy of human cancer. In a recent proof-of-principle experiment an unexpectedly low toxicity of the L-cysteine-covered cobalt nanoparticles was demonstrated [433] For diagnostic purposes, it is expected to use the advantageous magnetic properties of the metallic-core nanoparticles to obtain a contrast medium for MRI with considerably increased sensitivity, capable to detect micro-metastases in the environment of healthy tissues [434 37]. 

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