Experimental procedure film preparation

Figure 17-7. Experimental procedure for preparation of KTN thin films.

Experimental procedure for the preparation of the thin film was similar to that described in the preceding subsection. 

To study the influence of the preparation conditions on the interface properties, a number of different interfaces have been prepared. Details of the preparation and the determined valence band offsets are listed in Table 4.2. The experiments include not only both deposition sequences, but also interfaces of Al-doped ZnO films, which have been conducted to elucidate the role of the undoped ZnO film as part of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell. Details of the experimental procedures and a full set of spectra for all experiments are given in [70]. Table 4.2 includes a number of interfaces between substrates of undoped ZnO films and evaporated CdS layers (ZOCS A-D). In a recent publication [90] different values were given for the valence band offsets, as the dependence of BEvb(CL) on the deposition conditions was not taken into account in this publication. 

The experimental procedures and x-ray photoemission results for the preparation of ultrathin (d = 1.1 nm) polyimide films on polycrystalline silver by co-condensation of PMDA and ODA are described elsewhere [5]. In that work our XPS results suggested that the polyimide chains bond to the silver surface via a carboxylate type bonding. This conclusion was derived from an analysis of the results obtained for the interaction of the monomers (PMDA and ODA) and of the resulting ultra-thin polyimide film. Due to the relatively larger thickness of the polyamic acid films as compared to the monomer adsorbate phases and the polyimide film, no conclusions were possible about the reaction of the polyamic acid with the silver substrate. 

For our THz transmission measurements, we used solutions of thioredoxin in distilled water obtained from Sigma. The sample preparation technique and experimental procedure has been described in Ref Samples of diluted water solutions with the concentrations between 0.1 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml of proteins were measured. Several samples were made from each solution. Samples are in the form of a cell assembled from two polycarbonate films and a spacer (12 pm thick) placed between them, with 10 pi solution inside the spacer. Each sample was measured several times and the resulting spectra were calculated against the background of similar cells made from pure deionized water between two PC films. 

Christner et al. (1979) have prepared their samples by dc sputtering and described their experimental procedure in detail. They have minimized the contamination by oxygen which can influence the physical properties. The X-ray diffraction patterns show the formation of the ErRli4B4 compound and a small amount of RhB. The composition has been also studied by AES. The superconducting transition temperature varies from 6.0 to 7.8 K, which is somewhat different from the bulk (8.7 K). One film exhibits such a temperature and returned to the normal state at about 1.0 K (in the bulk state the change to the magnetic state is 0.9 K). Another sample, exhibiting the presence of RhB, has a transition temperature of 4.5 K. 

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