Existing Demonstration Projects

There are several initiatives for the development and demonstration of CCS worldwide. For instance, the European Union has an ambition to deploy 10-12 full-scale CCS demonstration projects within Europe by 2015, testing various ways of integrating CCS in coal and gas-fired power generation it also aims for CCS to be commercially viable for all new fossil fuel power plants by 2020, with existing plants progressively retrofitted (EC, 2007). Other pilot and demonstration plants are planned in the United States, Australia and China.5... 

Cost targets exist for all parts of the fuel cell for bipolar plates, from 10/kW (2004) to 3/kW in 2015 for electrocatalysts, from 40/kW (2005) to 3/kW in 2015 and for membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), from 50/kW (2005) to 5/kW in 2015 (Freedom Car, 2005 these cost targets are somewhat different from those mentioned by the IEA (2005)). Since 2004, the number of fuel-cell cars has been growing and at the time of writing they numbered approximately 1000 worldwide there are also around 100 fuel-cell buses in use worldwide in several demonstration projects. But these cars are produced as individual (hand-built) models and are extremely expensive, with production costs per vehicle currently estimated at around one million large-scale production is not expected before 2015, see Section 13.1. 

Cost estimates for prototype, one-of-a-kind BESS systems of the type discussed in this chapter are often estimates that are not well documented. Demonstration projects, for example, may be funded via multiple sources and the cost estimates assembled somewhat after the fact. Peripheral costs such as site preparations, permitting, installations, etc., are sometimes overlooked. In other instances, unique circumstances not likely to reoccur can result in cost estimates that are not realistic. On the other hand, costs of new systems that are similar to existing or known systems (e.g., Vernon and Metlakatla) and especially systems that are replicated... 

Progressive increase in the incentives for R.D. D. operations with those of the existing Community prograrmne of demonstration projects and with the THERMIE prograrrrme in the future. 

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