Executive Order 13134 “Developing

In the following passage, the author gives an account of the development of the Emancipation Proclamation, Abraham Lincoln s 1863 executive order abolishing slavery in the Confederate States of America. 

As stated above, in order to be able to build tools, the execution semantics have to be formally specified. The models are generic in the sense that no application-specific information is contained. They form the core of the process management system AHEAD which supports the interleaved planning and execution of development processes. 

Thus, the Executive Order requires that agencies affected by the order employ cost-benefit criteria in developing and issuing regulations. The tool to be applied for that purpose is the Regulatory Impact Analysis. 

Any form of exclusive marketing may have negative consequences, such as noncompetitive pricing. To date, however, there has been insufficient experience with the implementation of the statute to judge whether an optimal be benefit-cost balance has been attained. It is clear, nonetheless, that these incentives have been highly successful in contributing to the development and approval of orphan drugs that would not otherwise have been developed. Thus, in the FDA s view, the essential benefit-cost considerations of Executive Order 12291 have been satisfied in favor of the rule as here published. 

By the time Bush received the second National Academy of Sciences report, he had assumed the position of director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Established by an executive order on June 28, 1941—sbc days after German troops invaded the Soviet Union—the Office of Scientific Research and Development strengthened the scientific presence in the federal govenunent. Bush, who had lobbied hard for the new setup, now reported directly to the President and could invoke the prestige of the White House in his dealings with other federal agencies. The National Defense Research Committee, now headed by James B. Co-nant, president of Harvard University, became an advisory body responsible for making research and development recommendations to the Office of Scientific Research and Development. The Uranium Committee became the Office of Scientific Research and Development Section on Uranium and was codenamed S-1 (Section One of the Office of Scientific Research and Development). 

In [15] Lu and Radetzki use the Concurrent and Comparative Simulation (CCS) technique to inject faults in SystemC models. This approach makes it possible to perform more than one fault injection experiment in each execution. The developer must use a specific data-type in order to inject faults in variables, and fault libraries are not defined, so the tester must implement the fault models. 

Research and development was not to be long hidden under a bushel. In June 1940 the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) was set up by Presidential approval." Division B (later expanded to Divisions 8, 9, 10, and ii) of NDRC, headed by Dr. James Bryant Conant, was set up to handle studies on bombs, fuels, gases, and chemical problems. Present at the first meeting of this division on ii July 1940 were General Baker, Chief, CWS, and Lt. Col. Maurice E. Barker, chief of the Technical Division, OC CWS. Shortly thereafter the CWS proposed six projects for study by Division B, and by July 1941 this number had increased to sixteen. On 28 June 1941 NDRC and the Committee on Medical Research were included, by Executive order, under the jurisdiction of a newly created Office of Scientific Research and Development. Three months later the CWS recommended its initial medical project to the Committee on Medical Research, the first of seventeen such projects that would be undertaken before the close of World War II. 

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