Excretion of manganese

Dithiocarbamates are chemically characterized by the presence of metals in the molecule (iron, manganese, zinc, etc.) therefore, the measurement of these metals in urine has been proposed as an alternative approach to monitor exposure. For instance, increased urinary excretion of manganese has been reported in workers exposed to mancozeb (Canossa et al., 1993). Available data are at present insufficient to confirm the possibility of using metals as biomarkers of human exposure to DTC. 

Cellulose. Fiber components differ in their ability to bind to bile (41), the primary route of excretion of manganese (9). Cellulose, the most abundant natural fiber, has been studied for its potential effects on bile and lipid metabolism (42). It is naturally present in high fiber diets and is also commonly added to many commercially-produced food products. Previous studies have shown cellulose to decrease intestinal uptake of a variety of minerals, including zinc, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and iron (32,43,44). In many cases, however, the effect of cellulose has not been considered to be anti-nutritional (32). It has been generally believed that cellulose has a lower binding affinity for minerals than other constituents of dietary fiber (33,45). 

In Study II, young adult human subjects were fed two laboratory-controlled diets containing either 30% of total calories from fat (approximately 100 mg cholesterol 10 10 10 PUFA to MUFA to SFA ratio) or 40% of total calories from fat (approximately 600 mg cholesterol 4 14 14 fatty acid ratio). Two levels of manganese were fed (5 and 45 mg Mn/day) within each level of fat. The higher level of dietary fat generally increased fecal excretion of manganese and increased serum lipids. 

As shown in Table VI, urinary excretion of manganese did not differ significantly among the four dietary treatment periods. No explanation can be offered for the high urinary manganese losses that occurred during the pre-period. 

Once absorbed, manganese is transported in portal blood to the liver bound to albumin and then exported to other tissue bound to transferrin and possibly to 2 macroglob-uhn. Excretion of manganese is primarily via bile into feces, with urine output being very low and not sensitive to dietary intake. ... 

Small amounts of manganese can also be found in urine, sweat, and milk (EPA 1993b). Urinary excretion of manganese by healthy males was 7.0 nmole/g creatinine (7.0 nmole = 385 ng = 0.385 pg) (Greger et al. 

No studies were located regarding excretion of manganese in either humans or animals following inhalation exposure to organic manganese. 

MMT. The daily excretion of manganese from mice ingesting 11 mg manganese/kg as MMT in their daily diet was 5.4% of their daily intake (Komura and Sakamoto 1992). 

Bertinchamps AJ, Cotzias GC. 1958. Biliary excretion of manganese. Fed Proc 17 428. 

Finley JW, Caton JS, Zhou Z, et al. 1997. A surgical model for determination of true adsorption and biliary excretion of manganese in conscious swine fed commercial diets. J Nutr 127 2334-2341. 

Greger JL, Davis CD, Suttie JW, Lyle BJ. 1990. Intake, serum concentrations and urinary excretion of manganese by adult males. Am J Clin Nutr 54 457-161. 

Klaassen CD. 1974. Bihary excretion of manganese in rats, rabbits, and dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 29 458-468. 

The average daily excretion of manganese in sweat amounts to between 30 and 120 jg, assuming a daily sweat volume of 0.5 - 2.0 L, and this corresponds to 0.7-2.8% of the total daily manganese intake. Thus, integu-mental losses may contribute more to total balance than do urinary losses and should... 

The major route of excretion of manganese is through the bile excretion. The amount of manganese excreted in the urine is negligible. 

Kaassen C. D. (1974) Biliaiy excretion of manganese in ratS rabbits and dogS To dcol. Appl. Pharmacol. 29, 458-468. 

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