Exclusive control culture

The aim of this section is to describe some common elements of the control culture that developed around the Mods and Rockers. In response to what pressures did it operate How was it affected by previous stages in the sequence How did the established agents of control adapt to the deviance and what new forms of control were developed These questions will be answered by distinguishing firstly three common elements in the control culture diffusion, escalation and innovation. Then the reaction of three main types of social control will be described in detail (i) the police (ii) the courts and (iii) informal action at the local level, particularly in the form of action groups directed at forming an exclusive control culture. 

To summarize this long section on the control culture the official reaction to the Mods and Rockers was mediated by a belief system and in turn generated a set of beliefs to rationalize the control methods used.The methods and beliefs were supplemented by the not altogether successful attempts by unofficial agents to create an exclusive control culture. A few rules were created - mostly ritualistic in nature and not evidently effective... 

We further tested this effect by inducing " " chemical hypoxia (20, 21). Potassium cyanide (KCN, 2.5 mM) was used in endothelial culture for 2 h. In the study group (JST=6), ATP-vesicles were added while no ATP-vesicles were added into the control group (N=6). After 2 h, the cells in the study group maintained more than 90% viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion. In the control, no more than 10% of the cells were still alive (Fig. 3). 

Mach, Reich and Tatum were able to demonstrate an inhibition of the biosynthesis of protein in cells of B. brevis by chloramphenicol and puromycin without affecting the synthesis of tyrocidine . Several analogues of amino acids were found, which inhibited the biosynthesis of tyrocidine without affecting that of protein and vice versa. In contrast to protein synthesis, the production of tyrocidine did not depend on the continuous synthesis of RNA. Furthermore, environmental factors were able to control the relative amounts of the different tyrocidines synthesized by genetically homogeneous cultures . Addition of phenylalanine to the culture medium resulted in the almost exclusive synthesis of tyrocidine A, whereas the unsupplemented culture produced tyrocidine A, B and C. In the presence of tryptophan, a new form of tyrocidine, called tyrocidine D, containing three tryptophan in place of three phenylalanine residues, was produced. This lack of absolute requirement for specific amino acids in the formation of a peptide bond is in contrast to the strict specificity of sequential incorporation of amino acids... 

Sampson (1988) described the distinction between the ensembled or relational sel more common in collectivistic cultures such as those found in China, Africa, and Latin America—and the autonomous self, which is more common in individualistic cultures, such as those found in North America and Western Europe. Autonomous or self-contained views of the person construct the boundary between the self and others as firm, consider control over behavior and experience to reside solely in the person, and typically define self and nonself as mutually exclusive (Sampson, 1988). In contrast, ensembled views of the self construct the boundaries between self and nonself as more fluid, and even as overlapping, and consider that power and control over one s behavior does not fully reside in the individual but rather in the relationship of the individual and his or her environment (which includes important others). 

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