Example of potential use

In view of the successful preparation of so many homochiral sulfoxides via the reaction of nucleophilic species with sulfinate ester 19, it appears likely that the reaction is capable of extension to provide still more examples of potentially useful sulfoxides. 

In general, chronopotentiometry consists of the application of a programmed current function to an electrode, the potential of which is measured as a function of time [13]. Thus the current program may be any function that is electronically feasible. Examples of potentially useful current functions (in addition to those described in preceding sections) are ramp current chronopotentiometry for the elucidation of adsorption mechanisms, and square-root-of-time current chronopotentiometry for which concentration is directly proportional to the transition time ... 

A good example of potentially useful enhanced oxidation is in the aging of fermented products such as spirits where limited oxidation is potentially useful for flavor development and early maturation of the product. Sonication has been successfully employed to enhance the flavor of some wines and spirits. The effect of irradiation with 1 MHz ultrasound has been shown to alter the alcohol/ester balance in such products to give the appearance of an aged product [8], This seems to be particularly successful for whisky where a patented method has been described which reduces the normally prolonged aging time to less than 1 year by applying ultrasound to the liquor in a standard barrel [9],... 

Table 1. Examples of potentially useful immobilized catalysts prepared by covalent binding...

While ordinary gases can be compressed to produce the aforesaid effects, similar conditions can be met with some other fluids at pressures and temperatures well within the limits of ordinary HPLC. The noteworthiness of this point in terms of its practical usefulness needs emphasis. Some examples of potentially useful mobile phases are given in Table 14.1. 

An example of potential use is the study by Paredes-Lopez (1974) of Candida growth on the juice from Opuntia tunas. From 100 kg fresh fruit, 3 kg of yeast cells were produced, which were 40-50% protein on a dry weight basis. As stated by these authors, the millions of tons of fruit wasted annually could be used for useful protein production. 

Corrosion potential measurement is increasing as a plant monitoring device. It has the very big advantage that the plant itself is monitored rather than any introduced material. Some examples of its uses are ... 

The significance of the corrosion potential in relation to the equilibrium potentials and kinetics of anodic and cathodic reactions has been considered in Section 1.4, but it is appropriate here to give some examples of its use in corrosion testing. Pourbaix has provided a survey of potential measurements in relation to the thermodynamics and kinetics of corrosion, and an example of how they can be used to assess the pitting propensity of copper in Brussels water is given in Section 1.6. 

The use of a catalyst with oxidase enzyme is an example of the use of a combined enzyme system, which illustrates the wide potential offered by multi-enzyme electrode systems. Various enzymes can be arranged to work sequentially to transform quite complex substances and eventually produce a measurable concentration-dependent change, which is detected by the output signal and recorded for analysis. 

Scheme 2.6 shows some examples of the use of chiral auxiliaries in the aldol and Mukaiyama reactions. The reaction in Entry 1 involves an achiral aldehyde and the chiral auxiliary is the only influence on the reaction diastereoselectivity, which is very high. The Z-boron enolate results in syn diastereoselectivity. Entry 2 has both an a-methyl and a (3-benzyloxy substituent in the aldehyde reactant. The 2,3-syn relationship arises from the Z-configuration of the enolate, and the 3,4-anti stereochemistry is determined by the stereocenters in the aldehyde. The product was isolated as an ester after methanolysis. Entry 3, which is very similar to Entry 2, was done on a 60-kg scale in a process development investigation for the potential antitumor agent (+)-discodermolide (see page 1244). 

An example of the use of these standard states for working with solvation effects on one-electron oxidation potentials is provided elsewhere.11... 

Further examples of potential future functions in appliances that use improved or new MST devices comprise ... 

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