Ex situ parameter

It must be remembered that this freezing-in reduces the number of in situ parameters (here Po2)i while increasing the number of ex situ parameters. The frozen-in metal-oxygen ratio acts as one of these. This is fixed by the P-T-C conditions at the temperature of freezing-in (Pq, Tq, C). In this manner the degrees of freedom are increased corresponding to the increased deviation from full equilibrium [102]. 

Exactly the opposite occurs, namely the conversion of an ex situ parameter to an in situ one, if foreign components become sufficiently mobile. The corresponding incorporation reaction then becomes reversible. Under such conditions it is natiurally better to speak of solubility equihbria. Important examples are segregation equilibria of impurities at very high temperatures, another refers to the incorporation of protonic defects in oxides by the dissolution of H2O. Materials interesting in this respect are CaO-doped Z1O2 [196] or acceptor-doped perovskites [197], such as the Fe-doped SrTiOs discussed above. (As before we regard the acceptor dopant... 

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of electrodes was first applied to the oxidation of noble metal electrodes. Kim and Winograd investigated in 1971 the electrochemical formation of anodic oxides on Pt [10] and later on Au electrodes [60]. The electrochemical parameters of oxide formation on these noble metal electrodes were well characterized and enabled a direct correlation between ex situ XPS and in situ electrochemical analysis. 

Ex situ Kossbauer parameters of various iron oxides and oxyhydroxides at room temperature ... 

Two of the recognized limitations of in situ technologies are (1) physicochemical restraints (e.g., bioavailability, desorption kinetics), and (2) a need for extended treatment time as compared to ex situ biotreatment approaches. Inherent geological parameters such as permeability, vertical and horizontal conductivity, and water depth can also represent constraints that are critically important to recognize and appreciate (Norris et al., 1993 Norris Falotico, 1994). Another widely recognized limitation inherent to in situ processes is that the systems are difficult to monitor and thus effective and complete treatment is difficult toascertain and validate. 

Field turbidity meters may be part of the multiple field parameter meters or they may be available as standalone units. A typical meter has a range of 0-1000 NTUs and an accuracy of + 2-3 percent. Some meters have a submersible turbidity probe that allows in situ measurements, while others require sample collection for ex situ measurements. To perform an ex situ measurement, we pour the sampled water into a glass measuring cuvette (usually a vial with a cap), seal it, and insert into a measuring chamber of a portable nephelometer. The read-out device will give us a turbidity value in NTUs. 

Figure 11.15 Correlation between intensity of ESR signal and decrease in the S parameter of PAS data due to ex situ UV-irradiation for catalyzed (C) and noncatalyzed (NC) polyurethane [26]. The —AS values are the average of the bulk data.

In contrast to the pseudomorphic relationship proposed in the LEED study, SXRD data [37,63] from the MgO(100)-Fe system indicate that for a 1 ML equivalent film the Fe lattice parameter is approximately 2.89 A, which is close to that of bulk Fe. For the latter study, however, a rather different preparative procedure was employed. Firstly, the MgO substrate was cleaned in solvents ex situ and only heated to 633 K in UHV. Then the sample was maintained at 633 K, whilst Fe was sputtered onto it, using a planar magnetron sputter gun. 

A well-known problem in CMP is that the pad wears over long periods of time as the number of wafers processed on the pad increases. Various strategies have emerged to address this concern, including ex-situ and in-situ pad conditioning, and run by run control. In previous work, we have demonstrated run by run control on blanket wafers, in which polish time and other process parameters are adjusted for the next or later wafer based on measurements on a previous wafer to compensate for removal rate and uniformity degradation [10,11]. In practical use, however, such run... 

Ex situ IR data are collected on dried, diluted powder films in a low vacuum enviromnent or one purged with a dry gas such as N2. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-IR spectroscopy provides surface-sensitive IR measurements and can be used for in situ studies of sorption phenomena. Raman spectroscopy is a related vibrational spectroscopy that provides complimentary information to IR. It can also be used to collect vibrational spectra of aqueous samples. Typical data reduction for vibrational spectra involves subtraction of a background spectmm collected under identical conditions from the raw, averaged sample spectrum. Data analysis usually consists of an examination of changes in peak position and shape and peak fitting (Smith, 1996). These and other spectral parameters are tracked as a function of maaoscopic variables such as pH, adsorption density, and ionic strength. 

One question that arises with such an approach is how well the model parameters associated with surface diffusion and the chemical and electrochemical reactions can be extracted from the current, potential and ex situ surface morphology data, given the complex nature of the interactions of the additives with the surface (e.g. see Table 4.3). A key point is that current and potential curves and the surface morphology are very sensitive to changes in the experimental inputs (shown in Table 4.2), indicating that... 

For remediation of contaminated groundwater, biological processes can be applied in both in situ as well as ex situ remediation techniques. In both cases, the microorganisms demand control of various parameters in order to degrade MTBE/TBA. Most importantly, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature dictate bacterial growth and thus bioremediation success, beside the presence and survival of MTBE-acclimated MTBE/TBA-degraders. 

The investigation of defect patterns in oxide scales formed under a graded scale loading seems to be promising since critical load parameters could be analysed ex situ. However, there are a series of experimental difficulties and open theoretical problems in realising this approach. 

In summary, the establishment of a graded scale loading in combination with spatially resolved stress or strain measurements could be an effective method for an ex-situ investigation of failure mechanisms and fracture-mechanical parameters. 

Any fixation and burial of reduced species (e g. the formation of sulfides or carbonates pyrite, siderite,...) or the escape of reduced solutes across the sediment-water interface (e.g. CH, NH Np, N, Mtf+, Fe"+ Bartlett et al. 1987 Seitzinger 1988 Devol 1991 Tebo et al. 1991 Johnson et al. 1992 Thamdrap and Canfield 1996 Wenzhofer et al. 2002) results in an underestimation of the total respiration. The evaluation whether a reoxidation is complete is generally very difficult and is limited by the availability of measurements of all key species. The main questions are (1) How big is the contribution of each pathway compared to the total mineralization (2) To which amount and by which processes are these pathways interrelated Since in most studies a lack of information on certain parameters remains, or different methods are applied to determine one pathway (e.g. differences resulting from in situ / ex situ determination of a species, or different methods to determine for example denitrification and sulfate reduction rates see Section 6.4), the conclusion remains at least to some extent arbitrary. Reimers et al. 

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