Evolution overview

Chapter 7 discusses a variety of topics all of which are related to the class of probabilistic CA (PCA) i.e. CA that involve some elements of probability in their state and/or time-evolution. The chapter begins with a physicist s overview of critical phenomena. Later sections include discussions of the equivalence between PCA and spin models, the critical behavior of PCA, mean-field theory, CA simulation of conventional spin models and a stochastic version of Conway s Life rule. 

Abstract This review provides an overview of the development of viral protease inhibitors as antiviral drugs. We concentrate on HlV-1 protease inhibitors, as these have made the most significant advances in the recent past. Thus, we discuss the biochemistry of HlV-1 protease, inhibitor development, clinical use of inhibitors, and evolution of resistance. Since many different viruses encode essential proteases, it is possible to envision the development of a potent protease inhibitor for other viruses if the processing site sequence and the catalytic mechanism are known. At this time, interest in developing inhibitors is Umited to viruses that cause chronic disease, viruses that have the potential to cause large-scale epidemics, or viruses that are sufQciently ubiquitous that treating an acute infection would be... 

This essay was written in an attempt to explain our overview of primary cell walls and to reach consensus on the nomenclature of primary cell wall polysaccharides. We present evidence supporting the hypothesis that cellulose, xyloglucan, arabinoxylan, homogalacturonan, RG-I, and RG-II are the six polysaccharides common to all primary cell walls of higher plants. In many cells, these six polysaccharides account for all or nearly all of the primary wall polysaccharides. Like the physically interacting proteins that constitute the electron transport machinery of mitochondria, the structures of the six patently ubiquitous polysaccharides of primary cell walls have been conserved during evolution. Indeed, we hypothesize that the common set of six structural polysaccharides of primary cell walls have been structurally... 

Things are different when a scientist has to give a overview of the future trends of his discipline. Prediction is an art, more than a science, and also the more modest goal of a critical appraisal of the trends of evolution, and of selection of a set of themes for which progress is expected or hoped cannot be performed with the same instruments used in the everyday research. 

Figure 1. Dating methods employed by archaeologists (e.g., for an up-to-date overview of dating methods applied to human evolution see Griin et al., in press). Also shown is the radimentary chronology of human evolution for the last million years.

Walker, R.J., Brooks, H.L. and Holden-Dye, L. (1996) Evolution and overview of classical transmitter molecules and their receptors. Parasitology 113, S3-S34. 

Abstract. This aims to be an overview of what detailed observations of individual stars in nearby dwarf galaxies may teach us about galaxy evolution. This includes some early results from the DART (Dwarf Abundances and Radial velocity Team) Large Programme at ESO. This project has used 2.2m/WFI and VLT/FLAMES to obtain spectra of large samples of individual stars in nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies and determine accurate abundances and kinematics. These results can be used to trace the formation and evolution of nearby galaxies from the earliest times to the present. 

Space limitations prevent my presenting a full-fledged review of the history of the observational programs along with the evolution of the comparisons between theory and data. For some recent reviews of mine, see [1] and further references therein. Instead, an overview is presented which highlights the challenges to SBBN. The remainder of this article is devoted to some of the key issues associated with each of the light nuclide relic abundances. 

Figure 5.15 gives an overview of stellar evolution in the HR diagram. Both intermediate- and low-mass stars end their lives as white dwarfs after having expelled a substantial amount of mass in winds and planetary nebulae, the basic reason being the formation of a degenerate CO core that is not massive enough... 

Detailed information about specific nuclear reactions at different stages of stellar evolution and the measurement of nuclear reaction cross-sections is given (together with a good overview of the whole of astrophysics) in... 

An overview of the reaction sequences in all stages from helium- to siliconburning is given by Arnett (1996). Evolution and explosion of massive stars are reviewed by Nomoto and Hashimoto (1988), and by Woosley, Heger and Weaver (2002). Evolution of intermediate-mass stars is discussed by Iben and Renzini (1983, 1984) as well as in the article by Iben (1991) quoted above. 

Table 6.2 gives an overview of some of the stages of stellar evolution where carbon and/or s-process anomalies occur (see Fig. 3.37). The C/O ratio increases down the series. In addition to the types listed there, there are infrared carbon stars such as IRC +10216,1 proto-planetary nebulae and a whole zoo of peculiar carbon stars, including J stars (strong 13C as in the case of HD 52432 shown in Fig. 1.7) and hydrogen-deficient carbon stars which can be cool, e.g. R Cor Bor, RY Sag and HD 137613 shown in Fig. 1.7, or hot (when they look like extreme helium stars) such stars may have lost their envelopes by binary mass transfer, or they may be born-again AGB stars. 

Overviews of the abundance and evolution of light elements are available in... 

The distribution of elements in the cosmos is the result of many processes, and it provides a powerful tool to study the Big Bang, the density of baryonic matter, nucleosynthesis and the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies. This textbook, by a pioneer of the field, provides a lucid and wide-ranging introduction to the interdisciplinary subject of galactic chemical evolution for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. It is also an authoritative overview for researchers and professional scientists. 

Lever (1987) presents an excellent overview of the regulatory process involved in FDA oversight of drug development, and gives the historical perspective for the evolution of the conservative process that is designed to ensure that any new pharmaceutical is both safe and efficacious. 

Chapter one is an overview of the energy evolution. It introduces the technology and emission issues, safety, and alternative fuels such as natural gas, hydrogen gas, methanol, ethanol and fuel cell power. 

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