Evolution of instrumentation

The evaluation of instrumentation for molecular UV/Vis spectroscopy is reviewed in the following pair of papers. Altermose, 1. R. Evolution of Instrumentation for UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Parti, /. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, A216-A223. 

In the present edition, the goal remains unchanged, but the format has evolved to respond to the remarkable evolution of instrumentation. NMR, without question, has become the most sophisticated tool available to the organic chemist, and it now requires four chapters to do it justice. In comparison, ultraviolet spectrometry has become relatively less useful for our purpose, and we have discarded it despite nostalgic ties. 

Major trends in the future growth of flow analysis are likely to include the evolution of instrument design (including miniaturisation and expert flow systems), the recognition of more flow-based standard methods, hyphenation with other detection systems and an impact on chemical measurements in new and emerging areas of science. 

Instrument improvement bears high cost, so, although a more sophisticated instrument will assure the best reliability, it will cost more. The evolution of instruments in time is interconnected with the evolution of materials, sciences, and technology. This evolution was made possible only by the evolution of physics because the activity or concentration (C) is determined as its physical property (P) P =f(c). Thus, it is necessary to assure the... 

The twentieth century saw the evolution of instrumental techniques. Steven Popoff s second edition of Quantitative Analysis in 1927 included electroanalysis, conductimetric titrations, and colorimetric melliods. Today, of course, analytical technology has progressed to include sophisticated and powerful computer-controlled instrumentation and the ability to perform highly complex analyses and measurements at extremely low concentrations. 

The evolution of instrumentation in IR spectroscopy bears a similarity to that of NMR in that modem spectrometers collect data differently from the methods used by older instmments and convert it to a spectmm by Fourier transform (FT) methods. The present generation of IR spectrometers employs a technique known as attenuated total reflectance (ATR) coupled with FT data analysis. The whole range of vibrational states is sampled at once and transformed by Fourier analysis to give a spectmm formatted in the custom of traditional instmments. Recording an FT-IR spectmm takes about 1 min, compared with the 10-15 min needed for older instmments. 

The analysis of essential oils by means of GG began in the 1950s, when Professor Liberti [31] started analyzing citrus essential oils only a few years after James and Martin rst described gas-liquid chromatography, commonly referred to as GG [32], a milestone in the evolution of instrumental chromatographic methods. 

Xia Y McLuckey SA. Evolution of instrumentation for the study of gas-phase ion-ion chemistry via mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2008 19 173-89. 

One of the chemical treatments of triglycerides of different vegetable and algae oils and animal fats produces the biofuel known as biodiesel. This development was based on the knowledge of the catalytic processes as well as on the evolution of instrumental techniques, which permitted the elucidation of the esterification mechanisms and consequently, the study of transesterification. Homogeneous and heterogeneous processes were studied focusing on basic, acid, and enzymatic catalysis [13, 15, 16, 22-36], Usually,... 

Altemose IR (1986) Evolution of instrumentation for UV-visible spectrophotometry. Part I. J Chem Educ 63 A216—A223... 

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